Based on the 2023 census and 2025 population projections, Pakistan is the 5th most populous nation in the world, trailing behind India, China, the USA, and Indonesia. This high ranking underscores the importance of population planning in Pakistan's national security and economic policies.

The population of Sindh was recorded at 55.69 million in 2023, reflecting a growth rate of 2.57%. Sindh has the highest level of urbanization among all provinces, largely driven by the mega-city of Karachi and the significant growth of other urban centers like Hyderabad and Sukkur.

The Council of Common Interests (CCI) is the constitutional body responsible for approving census results. It consists of the Prime Minister and the Chief Ministers of the four provinces. The approval of the 2023 census by the CCI was a prerequisite for the Election Commission to carry out new delimitation of constituencies.

The population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa reached 40.85 million in the 2023 census. This figure includes the population of the formerly Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), which were merged into the province in 2018. The province recorded an annual growth rate of 2.41%.

The population of Islamabad Capital Territory was recorded at 2.36 million in 2023. The federal capital has seen a very high growth rate due to its status as an administrative hub and a preferred residential destination for people from across the country, leading to rapid expansion of its suburban sectors.

Karachi continues to be the largest city in Pakistan, with its population recorded at approximately 18.8 million in the 2023 census. Lahore follows as the second-largest city with 13 million inhabitants. Karachi's population data is a frequent subject of political debate regarding the city's resource allocation and administrative boundaries.

The 2023 census showed that 38.82% of Pakistan's population lives in urban areas. This indicates a continuing trend of rapid urbanization as people migrate from rural regions to cities in search of better economic opportunities, healthcare, and education. Sindh remains the most urbanized province, with over 50% of its population living in cities.

The 7th Population and Housing Census of 2023 was Pakistan's first-ever 'Digital Census.' It utilized tablets for data collection, Geo-tagging for mapping, and a self-enumeration portal. This technological shift aimed to ensure more accurate, transparent, and real-time data collection while reducing the time lag in processing results.

Balochistan recorded the highest annual growth rate at 3.20% among all the provinces. This rapid increase is attributed to several factors including improved coverage in remote areas during the digital census, migration patterns, and high fertility rates. The provincial population reached 14.89 million in 2023.

Punjab remains the most populous province with a population of 127.68 million people. While its share of the total national population has slightly decreased compared to previous decades, it still hosts more than 50% of the country's total inhabitants, significantly influencing national politics and resource distribution under the NFC award.