Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman received the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19.

The High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement) creates a legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction.

The WMO confirmed that 2024 broke previous temperature records, becoming the hottest year in history due to a combination of human-induced climate change and the El Niño weather pattern.

The first Rashid rover was onboard the Japanese ispace HAKUTO-R M1 lander, which crashed during its landing attempt in 2023.

The new Toshakhana policy prohibits public office holders from retaining gifts exceeding a value of $300, mandating they be deposited in the state repository.

Pakistan and Iran operationalized a barter trade mechanism to facilitate commerce despite banking sanctions, engaging chambers of commerce from Quetta and Zahedan.

The government tightened Toshakhana rules, prohibiting the retention of gifts exceeding $300 in value and mandating transparency.

Gabon completed a historic debt-for-nature swap in August 2023, refinancing massive debt to generate funds for marine conservation.

The UK entered a shallow technical recession (two quarters of negative growth) at the end of 2023 but returned to modest growth in 2024-2025.

CBAM is the EU's tool to put a carbon price on imports of steel, cement, and other goods, effectively a 'green tariff' that impacts global trade.