Khizr Khan established the Sayyid dynasty in 1414 A.D. following the collapse of the Tughlaq dynasty after the invasion of Timur. He served as the governor of Multan before seizing control of Delhi. Although he ruled as a vassal of the Timurid Empire, his reign marked the beginning of the Sayyid period, which lasted until 1451 A.D. His administration struggled to maintain central authority over the fragmented territories of the former Delhi Sultanate during a period of significant political instability.

Ghiyas ud-Din Tughluq, originally known as Ghazi Malik, founded the Tughlaq dynasty in 1320 AD after overthrowing the Khilji dynasty. He served as the governor of Dipalpur before ascending to the throne of the Delhi Sultanate. His reign marked the beginning of a new era of administration and territorial expansion, which was later continued by his successors, Muhammad bin Tughluq and Firoz Shah Tughluq.

The Faraizi movement, founded by Haji Shariatullah in the early 19th century, emerged in Bengal as a socio-religious reform movement. It gained significant momentum as a reaction against the oppressive economic and social policies implemented by the British colonial administration and local landlords. The movement sought to restore Islamic practices and protect the rights of the Muslim peasantry against colonial exploitation and systemic discrimination.

Under the Government of India Act 1935, the British administration separated Burma from the Indian Empire. This change took effect on April 1, 1937, establishing Burma as a separate crown colony with its own distinct administrative and legislative framework.

The International Cricket Council (ICC) is the global governing body for cricket. While it was originally founded as the Imperial Cricket Conference in London in 1909, the organization relocated its headquarters to Dubai, United Arab Emirates, in 2005. This move was intended to provide a more central location for its global operations and to take advantage of the region's growing importance as a hub for international sports administration and events.

Q's share represents 2 parts out of a total of 15 parts (2+5+8=15). If 2 parts equal Rs. 4,000, then 1 part equals Rs. 2,000. The total profit is 15 parts, so 15 * 2,000 = Rs. 30,000.

The profit is distributed based on the product of capital and time. Ikram's contribution is 4,000 * 8 = 32,000, and Zahid's is 6,000 * 4 = 24,000. The ratio is 32,000:24,000, which simplifies to 4:3. Ikram's share is 4/7 of the total profit of 3,500, which equals 2,000.

Shaista's investment was active for 12 months, while Jameela's was active for 8 months. The ratio of their effective capital is (60,000 * 12) : (40,000 * 8), which simplifies to 720,000 : 320,000, or 9:4. The total parts are 13. Jameela's share is 4/13 of the total profit of Rs. 5,200, which equals Rs. 1,600.

Following the United States' unilateral withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), tensions escalated significantly. On August 9, 2018, Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei publicly declared that Iran would not engage in direct talks with the United States, citing a lack of trust and the aggressive nature of the sanctions imposed by the Trump administration.

The development of the railway network in the Indian subcontinent began during the British colonial era. The first railway line in the region that is now Pakistan was established in the mid-19th century to facilitate transport and military logistics. This infrastructure project was a significant milestone in the modernization of the region's transportation system under British administration.