'Kitab al-Kharaj' is a seminal work on Islamic taxation, land administration, and public finance written by Imam Abu Yusuf, the chief jurist of Caliph Harun al-Rashid.

Rival fits because it denotes a competing business that would look for opportunities to undermine or destroy him.

IBM stands for International Business Machine, so International Business Machine is the correct answer.

Tiktok was launched in 2016, so the correct year is 2016.

44 million is correct because the 2016 estimates counted about 44 million kangaroos in Australia compared with 24 million residents.

The National Identity Card system was established under the National Registration Act in 1973 during the administration of Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.

At around age 12, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) accompanied his uncle Abu Talib on a merchant caravan to Syria (al-Sham), where they met the monk Bahira at Busra.

The 2016 Summer Olympics were awarded to and subsequently held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [2, p21]. The International Olympic Committee made this decision in October 2009, making Rio de Janeiro the first South American city to host the Summer Olympics.

"AFPAK" (or Af-Pak) was a term used within U.S. foreign policy circles starting in 2009 to refer to Afghanistan and Pakistan as a single, integrated theater of operations2. This approach was part of a new strategy announced by the Obama administration.

Jin Liqun, a former Chinese vice-minister of finance, became AIIB’s first president at its launch in January 2016.