Section 2(1) of the Sale of Goods Act, 1930, explicitly defines a 'buyer' as a person who buys or agrees to buy goods. This definition is fundamental to establishing the contractual obligations and rights of the parties involved in a commercial transaction within the framework of the Act.

A formal grammar is designed to provide a finite set of rules that can generate the infinite number of grammatically correct sentences in a language. It must explicitly define what constitutes a grammatical sentence and accurately predict all valid structures while excluding ungrammatical ones, fulfilling all the criteria listed in the options.

Immediate Constituent analysis is a structuralist method for breaking down sentences into their constituent phrases. Leonard Bloomfield is credited with introducing the concept in his structuralist framework, while Noam Chomsky later refined and expanded upon these ideas during the development of generative grammar, making them the primary figures associated with this analytical approach.

Recursiveness is the linguistic capacity to embed structures within other structures of the same type, such as placing a clause inside another clause. This mechanism allows for the creation of infinitely long sentences from a limited inventory of words and grammatical rules. It is a hallmark of human language, as it provides the flexibility to express complex, novel thoughts that have never been spoken before, demonstrating the creative potential of human syntax.

Syntax is the subfield of linguistics dedicated to the study of sentence structure and the grammatical rules that dictate how words combine to form meaningful phrases and clauses. While morphology examines word formation and phonology studies sound systems, syntax focuses exclusively on the structural organization of language at the sentence level, ensuring that sequences of words follow the established grammatical conventions of a specific language.

Immediate Constituent (IC) Analysis is a method of sentence parsing that breaks down a sentence into its constituent parts, or 'immediate constituents', at each level of structure. By identifying how words group together into phrases, linguists can clarify the hierarchical relationships within a sentence, effectively resolving ambiguities that arise from different possible structural interpretations.

In the context of Noam Chomsky's linguistic theory, 'generative' refers to the ability of a formal system of rules to explicitly define and produce the infinite set of grammatical sentences in a language. This framework accounts for how speakers develop linguistic competence, predict grammatical structures, and generate novel utterances, encompassing all these functional aspects of language acquisition and usage.

In English orthography and lexicography, a hyphen is the conventional symbol used to separate a word into its constituent syllables. This practice is common in dictionaries to assist readers with pronunciation and in word processing for line-breaking rules. While other symbols like slashes are used in phonetic transcription, the hyphen remains the standard for indicating syllabic breaks in written text.

Noam Chomsky began developing his revolutionary ideas regarding Transformational-Generative Grammar around 1950. This period marked the beginning of a paradigm shift in linguistics, moving away from behaviorist models toward a cognitive approach that prioritized the mental processes involved in language acquisition.

Noam Chomsky's 'Syntactic Structures' (1957) introduced the initial framework for transformational grammar, while 'Aspects of the Theory of Syntax' (1965) significantly expanded and refined the Standard Theory of generative grammar. Both works are considered seminal texts in the development of the field, making 'Both a and b' the correct identification of these foundational contributions.