** In **reported WH-questions**, "did you see" changes into past perfect "she had seen." The adverb "today" changes into "that day." Option (a) keeps "has seen," which is present perfect, breaking tense sequence. Option (b) is grammatically wrong: "whom did she saw" has a double past form. Option (c) wrongly uses "that" before "whom" and keeps past simple ("saw") instead of past perfect. Hence, option (d) is correct. ---

** In **imperative sentences (commands/requests)** converted to indirect speech, "said to" changes into "told + object + infinitive." Thus, "Read" becomes "told her to read." The pronoun "you" changes to "she." Present tense "start" shifts to past "started." Option (a) is wrong because "told to her" is grammatically incorrect. Option (b) wrongly uses past perfect ("had made"), changing meaning. Option (d) keeps "start" instead of "started." Hence, (c) is correct. ---

** In **yes/no questions in reported speech**, we use "if" or "whether" and apply the **sequence of tenses**. Present "is" becomes past "was." The adverb "now" changes into "then." Option (b) fails because it keeps present tense. Option (c) wrongly uses "your husband" (instead of her husband) and future tense "will." Option (d) changes the tense to "had become," which suggests completion, not the original sense. Therefore, option (a) is correct. ---

** According to the **Rule of Reported Speech (Sequence of Tenses)**, when the reporting verb ("said") is in past tense, the verb inside the reported clause must shift one step back in tense. "Is going to" changes into "was going to." Option (a) is wrong because "everything are" is a subject–verb agreement error (everything is singular). Option (b) keeps "is" without changing tense, which breaks the rule. Option (c) incorrectly changes "going to" into "will," which alters the meaning. Hence, option (d) is correct. ---

**Rule: 'The' is used with ordinal adjectives like 'last', 'first', 'next'.** The word 'last' specifies a unique position in a series (in this case, the final one), making the noun 'warning' definite. Therefore, the definite article 'the' is required. Options (a), (b), and (d) are incorrect.

**Rule: Use 'a'/'an' with a singular countable noun to make a general statement about a class of things.** 'A screwdriver' means any screwdriver, representing the entire class of such tools. 'Screwdriver' begins with a consonant sound, so 'a' is correct. 'The' could also be used to represent the class, but 'a' is a very common and correct choice. Option (b) is wrong by sound. Option (d) is incorrect.

**Rule: 'Debt' is an uncountable noun and is used without an article in the fixed phrase 'in debt'.** This expression refers to the state of owing money. It does not take an article. Therefore, 'no article' is the correct choice. Options (a), (b), and (c) are all grammatically incorrect for this idiom.

**Rule: An abstract noun takes 'the' when it is made specific by an 'of' phrase.** 'Wisdom' is an abstract noun. Here, it is not wisdom in general, but the specific wisdom 'of Solomon'. This specification makes it definite, requiring 'the'. Option (d) would be for a general statement like 'Wisdom comes with age'. Options (a) and (b) are incorrect.

**Rule: Use 'a'/'an' to introduce a singular countable noun, even when followed by an 'of' phrase.** 'Issue' is a singular countable noun being introduced here. It begins with a vowel sound, so 'an' is correct. The phrase 'of great importance' describes the issue, but does not make it definite in the way a defining clause would. Option (b) is wrong by sound. Option (c) would imply a specific, previously discussed issue. Option (d) is incorrect.

**Rule: The definite article 'the' is used before the names of newspapers.** 'The Guardian' is the proper name of a specific newspaper, and such names require 'the'. Examples: The Times, The Washington Post. Options (a), (b), and (d) are incorrect.