Exclamatory → that-clause; remove what a and exclamation mark; backshift is → was. (a)/(b) have question/inversion; (c) wrongly keeps that + what** together.

Interjection Hello! → greeted. Indirect question uses statement order (how I was), not inversion (how was I). (a)/(c) invert; (b) keeps second person you**.

Exclamatory content → direct exclamation with What a + adj + noun!** (d) ungrammatical (“How a …”); (a) turns it into a yes/no question; (b) retains statement with a question mark—ill-formed.

Exclamations often report as exclaimed with joy/surprise + that-clause. Backshift is → was. Options (c)/(d) keep the how- clause; exams often prefer the that + very** paraphrase; (d) also fails backshift.

Interjection Congratulations! → reporting verb congratulated. Present perfect in direct (have prepared) backshifts to had prepared**. (a)/(c) have tense/pronoun errors; (b) flips speakers.

Exclamatory sense (“too much noise”) → How much + noun…! In direct form we restore present reference (are), not backshifted were**. (a) wrong structure “How the kids are…”, (b) loses exclamation, (c) turns it into a question.

asked + object + to + V1 (indirect imperative) → direct command with quotes. Reverse the deictics: there → here, my → your. (b) ungrammatical “told to me” before a quote; (c) wrong verb form “are wait”; (d) mixes pronouns your/my** and keeps “to” inside quotes incorrectly.

Two imperatives join with and; both convert to to + V1. said to → told. (b) wrong tense; (c)/(d) break parallelism by switching the second verb to past got**.

Imperative → infinitive (“to + V1”) in indirect speech. said to → told when an object is present. here → there (place shift). Present/habitual reporting like tells (a) is wrong; (b)/(d) misuse perfect infinitive to have stood and tense (had told**) that don’t match a simple command.

Indirect permission/offer (“could stay whenever I wished”) → Direct: “can stay whenever you wish.” Modal backshifts reverse (could → can; I → you**). Others add awkward futures or odd aspect.