The Battle of Mutah in 8 A.H. was the first non-Arab war. It was against the Byzantines near present-day Jordan. Despite being vastly outnumbered, Muslims fought heroically under commanders like Zayd ibn Harithah, Ja‘far ibn Abi Talib, and Abdullah ibn Rawahah. Khalid ibn Walid later took command and saved the army.

The first appointed commander of the Islamic Army was Hamza ibn Abdul Muttalib, the uncle of the Prophet ﷺ. His bravery in early battles inspired Muslims. He played key roles in Badr and Uhud. His martyrdom at Uhud was a great tragedy for the community.

At Tabuk, the Muslim army had 30,000 men, the largest in the Prophet’s ﷺ lifetime. This campaign showed Islam’s growing strength. No battle took place, but the Byzantines recognized Muslim power. The Prophet ﷺ stayed in Tabuk for 20 days.

At the Battle of Hunain, Muslims had about 10,000 men. This was the largest army they had fielded until then. Despite being ambushed, they overcame the Hawazin and Thaqif tribes. This battle showed that faith is more important than numbers alone.

The Muslim army at Khandaq numbered about 1600. Despite being fewer than the Allies, their strategy of digging the trench worked. They endured a long siege with patience. Unity and strategy outweighed numbers once again.

The Battle of Hunain was fought shortly after the Conquest of Makkah in 8 A.H. The Hawazin and Thaqif tribes resisted Islam. Initially Muslims were surprised by an ambush, but regrouped and won. This proved Islam’s strength even after Makkah’s conquest.

The conquest of Khyber in 7 A.H. took 20 days. The Jews of Khyber resisted fiercely but the Muslims eventually won. It was during this campaign that ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib played a crucial role. This victory brought wealth and security to the Muslims of Madinah.

The Battle of Mutah in 8 A.H. was Islam’s first battle outside Arabia. It was fought against the Byzantines in present-day Jordan. Despite being outnumbered, Muslims showed great bravery. This marked the expansion of Islam beyond the Arabian Peninsula.

The Treaty of Hudaibiya (6 A.H.) is called Fath Mubeen (clear victory). Although it seemed to favor Quraysh, it actually secured peace for Muslims. This allowed free preaching and recognition of their state. It also paved the way for the Conquest of Makkah.

The Battle of Khandaq (Ditch) in 5 A.H. is also called the Battle of Ahzab (Allies). Multiple tribes allied to besiege Madinah. The Muslims dug a trench, an unfamiliar tactic in Arabia. This outsmarted the enemy and saved Madinah.