Lord Morley, serving as the Secretary of State for India, collaborated with Lord Minto, the Viceroy of India, to introduce the Indian Councils Act of 1909, commonly known as the Morley-Minto Reforms. This legislation was significant for introducing the principle of separate electorates for Muslims and expanding the size and functions of the legislative councils in British India.

The Indian Councils Act of 1909 is famously known as the Morley-Minto Reforms. It was named after the Secretary of State for India, John Morley, and the Viceroy of India, Lord Minto. This act introduced the system of separate electorates for Muslims and expanded the legislative councils.

The All-India Muslim League was founded in 1906 in Dhaka. Its establishment was a pivotal moment in the political history of the Indian subcontinent, as it provided a formal platform for Muslims to articulate their political aspirations and protect their rights, eventually becoming the primary vehicle for the movement that led to the creation of Pakistan.

The source identifies the First Amendment as the one declaring Ahmadis a minority. However, historically, the Second Amendment (1974) is widely recognized as the legislation that defined the status of Ahmadis as non-Muslims. The provided answer key is maintained as requested, though it conflicts with standard historical records regarding the specific amendment number.

The 2nd Amendment to the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan is historically noted for declaring the status of Ahmadis as a non-Muslim minority. While the provided explanation mentions Indian legislative processes, in the context of the Pakistani Constitution, the 2nd Amendment was pivotal in defining religious identity and minority status, which subsequently influenced the allocation of reserved seats for non-Muslims in the National Assembly.

The Constitution of 1956 was promulgated on March 23, 1956. This date was chosen to coincide with the anniversary of the Lahore Resolution of 1940, symbolizing the realization of the political aspirations of the Muslims of the subcontinent.

The Siyasat Namah, or 'Book of Government,' was written by the Persian vizier Nizam al-Mulk. It serves as a comprehensive guide for rulers on administration, justice, and the maintenance of the state. The work is structured into 50 distinct chapters that cover various aspects of governance, ethics, and the duties of a monarch in the Seljuk Empire.

The Vasishtha Dharmasutra is an ancient Sanskrit text focusing on religious and social duties (Dharma). While it covers various aspects of social conduct, including rules for adoption, the ethics of suicide, and procedures for legal testimony, it does not provide a comprehensive or systematic treatment of property law as a primary subject matter compared to later legal treatises.

Al-Mawardi is recognized as the author of 'Qawanin al-Wazart', a significant work focusing on the principles of governance, the role of the vizier, and administrative ethics within the Islamic political tradition. His writings provide deep insights into the structure of the Abbasid Caliphate and the responsibilities of state officials.

Al-Mawardi, a prominent jurist and political theorist of the Abbasid era, authored 'Adab al-Qazi', which serves as a comprehensive guide on the conduct, ethics, and responsibilities of a judge (Qadi). This work is foundational in Islamic jurisprudence, detailing the requirements for judicial integrity and the administration of justice within an Islamic state.