Mark Rutte served as the Prime Minister of the Netherlands for nearly 14 years from October 2010 until July 2024.

Instagram was launched in 2010, so 2010 is the correct launch year.

Hajj is the fifth pillar of Islam because it is the obligatory pilgrimage to Mecca that Muslims must perform once if they are physically and financially able.

The province’s name change to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was effected on 19 April 2010, so 19 April 2010 is the correct date.

Abu Sufyan — he led the Quraysh forces opposing the Muslims at the Battle of Uhud, so Abu Sufyan fits as the commander of the infidels in that battle.

Quaid-e-Azam resigned from the Indian National Congress in 1920, the year he formally left the party to pursue separate political work for Muslims.

Duplicate of Q35. Violence in Kolkata (Guha).

Direct Action Day sparked widespread violence in Kolkata (Calcutta), per historical accounts (e.g., Guha, “India After Gandhi”).

The Charter of Medina (Mithaq al-Madina), drafted in 622 CE, established civic rights, common defense, and judicial authority among Muslims and Jewish tribes in Madina.

The funeral prayer is a collective communal obligation (Fard al-Kifayah); if a group of Muslims performs it, the obligation is discharged for the entire community.