John Locke, in his 'Second Treatise of Government', proposed a tripartite division of power. He defined the legislative power as the supreme authority to make laws, the executive power as the authority to enforce those laws, and the federative power as the authority to manage international relations, including war and treaties. This framework was a significant precursor to the modern concept of the separation of powers.

John Locke famously identified life, liberty, and property as the three core natural rights that individuals possess in the state of nature. While he discussed labor as a means of acquiring property, he did not categorize the 'right to work' as a fundamental natural right in the same sense as the other three.

John Locke is frequently cited as the father of liberalism due to his seminal work, 'Two Treatises of Government.' He articulated the concepts of natural rights—life, liberty, and property—and the social contract, arguing that government legitimacy is derived from the consent of the governed and that its primary purpose is to protect these fundamental individual rights.

John Locke is considered a foundational figure in liberal political theory. His work emphasized that government legitimacy is derived from the consent of the governed (popular sovereignty) and that the power of the state must be restricted by established laws to protect individual rights (constitutional government). These concepts form the bedrock of modern liberal democratic structures.

John Locke believed that Natural Rights are inherent and exist by nature. The state has a duty to protect these rights, making both statements true and (R) a correct explanation of (A).

Unlike Hobbes, Locke views the state of nature as a state of liberty governed by the law of nature, which teaches that no one ought to harm another in their life, health, liberty, or possessions. Humans are inherently rational and capable of living in peace. The state of nature is not a state of license, but a condition where individuals are free and equal, though lacking an impartial authority to resolve conflicts.

John Locke, in his 'Two Treatises of Government', argued that the primary purpose of civil government is the protection of natural rights, specifically life, liberty, and property. He posited that individuals enter into a social contract to create a state that acts as an impartial judge, enforcing laws that preserve these rights. This perspective forms the bedrock of classical liberal political theory and limited government.

Locke argued that in the state of nature, individuals possess the right to judge and punish those who violate natural law. Because this leads to bias and instability, individuals enter the social contract specifically to delegate the authority to interpret and enforce these laws to a neutral, impartial government, while retaining their fundamental natural rights.

John Locke is often credited with shifting the focus of sovereignty from the monarch to the people, laying the groundwork for political sovereignty. While the source answer identifies Locke, it is important to note that the term 'political sovereignty' is often contrasted with 'legal sovereignty' (associated with John Austin). The answer is preserved as provided in the source material.

John Locke is widely regarded as the father of classical liberalism and a foundational proponent of democratic governance. His theories on natural rights, the social contract, and limited government provided the intellectual basis for modern democratic systems. In contrast, thinkers like Lecky and Maine were known for their skepticism regarding the expansion of the franchise and the potential for 'tyranny of the majority' in democratic systems.