Marxist theory posits that the capitalist state is an instrument of the bourgeoisie designed to maintain class oppression. Because the ruling class will not voluntarily relinquish power through democratic or reformist means, Marx and Engels argued that a violent proletarian revolution is necessary to overthrow the existing state structure, seize the means of production, and transition toward a socialist society.

The provided answer key suggests a specific mapping of mottos to ideologies. Note that the explanation in the prompt contains factual inaccuracies regarding the alignment of 'Workers of the world unite' with Fascism, as it is a Marxist slogan. However, the answer key is preserved as requested. These mottos serve as shorthand for complex ideological frameworks that define how power, labor, and the state are perceived.

Marx argued that the state is an instrument of class oppression. He theorized that once the proletariat overthrows the bourgeoisie and establishes a classless, communist society, the need for a coercive state apparatus will disappear. Consequently, the state will 'wither away' as it loses its function as a tool for class domination.

In Marxist theory, the state is viewed as an instrument of the ruling class (the bourgeoisie) used to maintain control over the proletariat. Marx argued that the state apparatus functions to facilitate the exploitation of the working class by the owners of the means of production, rather than serving the common good.

The ultimate goal of Marxist theory is the establishment of a communist society characterized by the 'withering away' of the state. Marxists argue that once class distinctions are abolished and the means of production are held in common, the state—which exists primarily to manage class conflict—becomes unnecessary and will eventually dissolve, resulting in a stateless, self-governing society.

Socialist thought often emphasizes positive liberty, viewing freedom not merely as the absence of restraint, but as the actual capacity of individuals to realize their full potential. By ensuring equitable access to resources and social conditions, socialism aims to foster the holistic development of human capabilities, which is considered essential for true individual and collective freedom within a society.

In Marxist theory, the 'Superstructure' encompasses the cultural, legal, and political institutions that arise from the economic 'Base' or 'Substructure'. Politics is viewed as part of this Superstructure, which serves to maintain and legitimize the existing economic relations and class dominance inherent in the capitalist mode of production.

The Marxist theory of the state is highly regarded for its focus on historical materialism, which asserts that economic conditions and the mode of production are the primary drivers of historical change. By highlighting how economic structures dictate political institutions, Marx provided a critical lens that challenged traditional, idealistic interpretations of political history and state formation.

Marxist theory posits that the state is not a neutral arbiter but a tool of the ruling class. According to historical materialism, the economic base—the mode of production—determines the superstructure, which includes the state. Therefore, the state's primary function is to protect the interests of those who own the means of production, making it fundamentally rooted in economic relations.

The concept of 'surplus value', coined by Karl Marx, refers to the difference between the value created by a laborer through their work and the actual wages paid to them. Marx argued that this surplus is appropriated by the capitalist, forming the basis of exploitation in a capitalist system.