Marxist theory argues that capitalism inherently creates a conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. As the proletariat experiences increasing immiseration and alienation, they develop class consciousness, eventually leading to a revolutionary seizure of the means of production to dismantle the capitalist system and establish a socialist society.

Marxists argue that capitalist democracy is a 'bourgeois democracy' that masks the underlying reality of class rule. Because the wealthy class owns the means of production, they exert disproportionate influence over political institutions, media, and policy-making. This structural inequality ensures that the political system serves the interests of capital rather than the collective needs of the working class, rendering true democratic participation impossible.

Marx argued that modern industrial society has simplified class antagonisms into two primary, hostile camps: the bourgeoisie (capitalists who own the means of production) and the proletariat (wage laborers who own nothing but their labor power). This structural conflict is the central tension that Marx believed would inevitably lead to the collapse of capitalism.

Ralph Miliband authored 'The State in Capitalist Society' in 1969. The book offers a Marxist critique of the state, arguing that it acts as an instrument of the ruling class. Miliband challenges pluralist views by demonstrating how the state apparatus is inextricably linked to the interests of the capitalist elite, thereby maintaining the status quo.

Marxist dialectics is a comprehensive method for understanding the development of nature, society, and thought. It is not restricted to historical analysis; rather, it is a dynamic process applicable to the present and future. The three primary laws are the unity and conflict of opposites, the transformation of quantity into quality, and the negation of the negation. Option D incorrectly limits the scope of dialectical materialism.

Marx argued that class distinctions are rooted in the material base of society, specifically the relationship to the means of production. The bourgeoisie own the factories and resources, while the proletariat own only their labor power. This fundamental economic disparity creates conflicting interests, leading to class struggle as the ruling class seeks to maximize profit through the exploitation of the workers.

Critics of Marx often challenge his predictions regarding the 'reserve army of labor' and his wage theories. Option C is identified as 'not a criticism' because it acknowledges that Marx's observation of technological unemployment was accurate, thereby validating his analysis rather than criticizing it as false or inadequate.

Karl Marx, alongside Friedrich Engels, developed the framework of Scientific Socialism. This theory distinguishes itself from earlier socialist ideas by grounding its analysis in historical materialism and the objective study of economic forces. It posits that the transition to socialism is an inevitable outcome of the internal contradictions within capitalist modes of production and the resulting class struggle.

M.N. Roy's political journey is generally categorized into his early militant nationalist phase, his subsequent Marxist phase, and his final phase of Radical Humanism. These stages reflect his transition from revolutionary anti-colonialism to a sophisticated critique of both capitalism and orthodox communism.

Karl Marx is the primary theorist of class struggle. In 'The Communist Manifesto,' he famously declared that the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. He argued that the conflict between the bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) and the proletariat (wage laborers) is the defining dynamic of the capitalist era.