In many parliamentary systems, the national Parliament holds the supreme power to amend the constitution. This authority includes the ability to modify the scope and jurisdiction of the judiciary, including the power of judicial review. Such actions are often taken to assert legislative supremacy or to resolve conflicts between the branches of government regarding the interpretation of constitutional law.

Judicial interpretation is a vital mechanism for the evolution of a written constitution. As courts apply constitutional principles to new and unforeseen circumstances, they provide contemporary meaning to the original text. This process allows the constitution to remain relevant and functional over time without requiring constant formal amendments, effectively transforming it into a living document that reflects the changing needs of society.

Legal scholar Upendra Baxi made this observation to highlight the shift in the Supreme Court's role toward judicial activism and the protection of the marginalized. This statement reflects the transition from a formalistic interpretation of the law to a more substantive approach, where the judiciary began to actively address the socio-economic grievances of the common Indian citizen, thereby fulfilling its constitutional mandate more effectively.

Judicial review is a legal doctrine where courts examine the actions of the legislative and executive branches. In the United Kingdom, the principle of Parliamentary Sovereignty limits the judiciary's ability to strike down primary legislation, unlike in systems with constitutional supremacy such as the United States or India. The question uses placeholders (i, ii, iii) to represent different systems, with 'ii' corresponding to the UK model where judicial review is restricted.

The power of judicial review, established in Marbury v. Madison, allows the Supreme Court to interpret the Constitution and invalidate legislative or executive acts. By determining the constitutionality of laws, the Court exerts significant influence over public policy, leading some scholars to describe it as a 'third legislative chamber' that shapes the legal landscape beyond mere adjudication.

In the United States, judicial review involves interpreting both the literal text of a statute and the underlying legislative intent or constitutional spirit. Courts examine whether the law adheres to the Constitution's requirements, ensuring that the application of the law remains consistent with both its explicit language and the broader principles of the legal framework established by the Constitution.

In parliamentary systems like India, the Parliament holds the constituent power to amend the Constitution. By exercising this power, it can modify provisions that affect the scope of judicial review, provided such amendments do not violate the basic structure of the Constitution as established by the Supreme Court.

The judiciary serves as the ultimate guardian of the constitution and individual rights. Through the power of judicial review, courts can strike down laws or executive actions that violate fundamental rights. While the constitution provides the legal basis for these rights, the judiciary provides the active enforcement mechanism necessary to prevent infringement, making it the most effective protector in a constitutional democracy.

Under the Indian Constitution, the President is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. However, the exercise of these military powers is subject to regulation by the Parliament. This ensures civilian control over the military, a fundamental principle of democratic governance. The Parliament maintains oversight through legislative control over defense budgets, policy formulation, and the overall legal framework governing the armed forces.

In many constitutional systems, the President acts as the final authority in the legislative process. By granting or withholding assent, the President exercises a check on the legislature, ensuring that bills meet constitutional standards or align with the executive's policy oversight before becoming law.