No verified paper has been uploaded for AJKPSC-PMS Psychology Set-5 yet.
The MCQs below are drawn from the Psychology subject category.
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3111
In the Watson and Rayner (1920) experiment, 'Little Albert' began to fear objects similar to the white rat, such as stuffed toys. What psychological phenomenon explains this reaction?
Stimulus generalization occurs when a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that are similar, but not identical, to the original conditioned stimulus. In this case, because Albert learned to fear the white rat, he generalized that fear to other white, furry objects, demonstrating that the conditioned response was not restricted solely to the specific rat used during the initial conditioning phase.
3112
When rodents cease responding to alarm calls after repeated exposure without actual danger, what learning process is demonstrated?
Habituation is a form of non-associative learning where an organism's response to a repeated, harmless stimulus decreases over time. In this scenario, the rodents learn to ignore the alarm calls because the stimulus is no longer associated with a threat, demonstrating a decrease in behavioral responsiveness due to repeated exposure.
3113
After experiencing a car accident, an individual develops a fear of all vehicles. Which psychological term describes this phenomenon?
Generalization occurs when a learned response, such as a fear response, is triggered by stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus. In this case, the traumatic experience with one car generalizes to all cars, as the individual perceives them as sharing the same threatening characteristics.
3114
Gerhardt experiences nausea after consuming a peach and subsequently feels ill when viewing similar fruits like nectarines or plums. Which learning principle does this demonstrate?
Stimulus generalization occurs when a conditioned response is triggered not only by the original conditioned stimulus but also by stimuli that are similar to it. In this case, Gerhardt's nausea, originally associated with peaches, has generalized to other fruits that share similar physical characteristics, demonstrating how learned associations can extend to a broader category of related stimuli.
3115
If rodents initially respond to alarm calls from their group but eventually cease responding once the danger is confirmed to be absent or non-threatening, what process is occurring?
Habituation is a form of non-associative learning where an organism decreases its response to a stimulus after repeated presentations. In this scenario, the rodents learn that the alarm call no longer signals a genuine threat, leading to a reduction in their defensive behavior over time.
3116
Hugo was bitten by a large dog and now fears large dogs but not small ones. What learning principle does this illustrate?
Stimulus discrimination occurs when an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar. In this case, Hugo has learned to distinguish between large dogs, which he associates with the negative experience of being bitten, and small dogs, which do not trigger the same fear response. This allows him to limit his fear to the specific category of stimuli that poses a threat.
3117
What is the psychological term for the ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli that do not predict the unconditioned stimulus?
Stimulus discrimination is the process by which an organism learns to respond only to a specific conditioned stimulus while ignoring other similar stimuli. This prevents the organism from responding to irrelevant cues, ensuring that the conditioned response is reserved for the specific signal that reliably predicts the unconditioned stimulus.
3118
In the analogy 'similarity is to difference as generalization is to ______', which term correctly completes the relationship?
Generalization is the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus, whereas discrimination is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli. Just as similarity and difference are opposing concepts, generalization and discrimination represent the two fundamental processes in learning where one involves broadening responses and the other involves narrowing them to specific cues.
3119
When a monkey is trained to press a lever only in response to a bell tone and not to a buzzer tone to receive a reward, what learning process is being demonstrated?
Stimulus discrimination occurs when an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli. By pressing the lever only for the bell and not the buzzer, the monkey demonstrates the ability to distinguish between the two distinct auditory cues to obtain reinforcement.
3120
What is the psychological term for the ability to respond differently to stimuli that share similar characteristics?
In behavioral psychology, stimulus discrimination is the process by which an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar. This allows the subject to distinguish between a reinforced stimulus and one that is not, ensuring that the conditioned response is only elicited by the appropriate cue.
