Culture encompasses the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes one group of people from another. It includes shared values, beliefs, customs, and behaviors that are passed down through social learning and socialization processes from one generation to the next, shaping the worldview of its members.

The provided answer defines sexism as a process of liberation, which conflicts with standard sociological definitions that define sexism as prejudice or discrimination based on sex. This entry is preserved as requested, but it should be noted that this definition is unconventional and contradicts mainstream academic consensus.

Routine activities theory explains crime as a result of everyday life patterns. It suggests that criminal acts occur when three elements coincide: a motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian. This theory focuses on the situational opportunities for crime rather than the psychological motivations of the offender, emphasizing how daily routines influence victimization risk.

C. Wright Mills is the sociologist who coined the term 'sociological imagination.' This concept is essential for developing a critical perspective on how social structures, historical events, and institutional forces shape individual biographies. By using this imagination, one can better understand the interplay between the individual and the broader social environment, which is a fundamental goal of social psychology.

Robert Merton expanded the concept of reference groups to explain how individuals evaluate their own circumstances by comparing themselves to others. Relative deprivation occurs when individuals feel dissatisfied because they perceive a discrepancy between their own situation and that of their reference group. This theory is foundational in understanding how social comparison influences individual perceptions of success, failure, and social status.

Education serves as a vital process for the continuity of society, involving the transfer of knowledge, cultural customs, and social institutions from one generation to the next. This intergenerational transmission ensures that individuals are socialized into their community, promoting social cohesion and the preservation of societal values. By passing down these essential elements, each generation prepares the next to participate effectively in the broader social structure.

A relativistic view argues that 'normality' and 'abnormality' are not fixed, universal truths but are socially constructed concepts that vary significantly depending on cultural, historical, and societal contexts. What is considered a disorder in one culture may be viewed as a normal or even valued behavior in another, challenging the assumption that Western diagnostic criteria are universally applicable.

An expatriate is an individual who is temporarily or permanently residing in a country other than their native country for professional purposes. In the context of international business and organizational psychology, expatriates are often managers or specialists sent by their home organization to oversee operations, transfer knowledge, or develop new markets in a foreign branch or subsidiary.

J.W.B. Douglas conducted extensive longitudinal studies on educational achievement in Britain. His research suggested that children from working-class backgrounds often faced disadvantages in educational attainment, which he partially attributed to lower levels of parental interest and support compared to their middle-class counterparts.

Social control encompasses the various methods, norms, and sanctions that a society uses to maintain order and discourage deviant behavior. These mechanisms can be formal, such as laws and legal systems, or informal, such as social pressure and internalized norms, all aimed at ensuring conformity to societal expectations.