BRICS, originally an acronym for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, underwent a significant expansion in 2023. During the 15th BRICS summit, several new nations were invited to join the bloc. By the start of 2024, the organization officially expanded to include ten member countries, reflecting its growing influence in the global economic and political landscape.

The 15th BRICS summit was held in Johannesburg, South Africa, from August 22 to 24, 2023. This summit was significant as it focused on the expansion of the BRICS bloc, leading to the invitation of several new countries to join the organization, thereby increasing its global influence and economic cooperation.

Following the United States' unilateral withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), tensions escalated significantly. On August 9, 2018, Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei publicly declared that Iran would not engage in direct talks with the United States, citing a lack of trust and the aggressive nature of the sanctions imposed by the Trump administration.

The Shanghai Five was a mutual security agreement formed in 1996. The founding members were the People's Republic of China, the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. This group later evolved into the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) following the inclusion of Uzbekistan in 2001.

Iskandar Mirza became the first President of Pakistan following the adoption of the 1956 Constitution, which officially transformed the country into a republic. Before this, the head of state was the Governor-General, a position held by Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Khawaja Nazimuddin, Ghulam Muhammad, and finally Iskandar Mirza himself before the transition.

The development of the railway network in the Indian subcontinent began during the British colonial era. The first railway line in the region that is now Pakistan was established in the mid-19th century to facilitate transport and military logistics. This infrastructure project was a significant milestone in the modernization of the region's transportation system under British administration.

The University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), historically known for its focus on animal husbandry and veterinary medicine, is a premier public sector university situated in Lahore, Punjab. It serves as a major hub for agricultural and veterinary research in Pakistan.

Nawab Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot was a prominent Muslim League leader who became the first Chief Minister of the Punjab province in Pakistan after the partition in August 1947. He served in this capacity until November 1948, navigating the immense challenges of the post-independence period, including the rehabilitation of refugees and the establishment of provincial administration.

The Sino-Pakistan Agreement, also known as the Boundary Agreement, was signed on March 2, 1963. This historic treaty resolved the border disputes between the two nations, specifically regarding the border between Azad Kashmir and the Xinjiang region of China. It marked the beginning of a strong diplomatic and strategic partnership between the two countries.

Transparency International is a global non-governmental organization that publishes the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI). This index ranks countries and territories based on how corrupt their public sector is perceived to be by experts and business people.