Tipu possessed a magnificent library of over 2,000 volumes in Arabic, Persian, and Urdu, covering theology, Sufism, history, and military science. Many were shipped to England after his death.

The Sargent Plan envisaged free, universal, and compulsory education for all children between the ages of 6 and 14.

The Government Resolution on Education Policy (1913) refused to accept Gokhale's demand for compulsory primary education, citing that the time was not yet ripe, though it accepted the responsibility to expand literacy.

The Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha was founded by a group of English-educated Parsis including Dadabhai Naoroji, J.B. Wacha, S.S. Bengalee, and Naoroji Furdunji to reform the Zoroastrian religion.

Ghalib was the court poet of the last Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar.

Nastaliq, a fluid and cursive style of Persian calligraphy, was the preferred script in Mughal India and is still the standard script for Urdu.

Urdu developed in the military camps (Lashkars) and marketplaces of Delhi through the interaction of Persian/Turkish-speaking soldiers with the local Khari Boli-speaking population.

Amir Khusrau was a disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya and a court poet of Alauddin Khilji. He is considered the father of Qawwali and the Urdu language.

Originally a voluntary offering, 'Bali' became a compulsory religious tribute or additional tax collected by the state during the Mauryan period.

Abdul Hayee (1921–1980), known as Sahir Ludhianvi, was an Indian poet and lyricist whose Urdu and Hindi film songs, like those in *Pyaasa*, addressed social injustice and love. His poignant poetry made him a legendary figure in Indian cinema and Urdu literature.