Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan obtained his physics degree in Karachi, so the correct choice is Karachi because that is the city where he completed his physics studies.

The case was registered on 12th January 2012, so that date is the recorded filing date for Tethyan Copper Company's action against Pakistan.

Grey zone warfare involves non-military tactics like cyber-attacks, per security studies (e.g., CSIS).

Duplicate of Q7. Cytology studies cells (Campbell Biology).

P, Q, R are siblings, S is mother, T is father. All statements are true if Q is male; if Q’s gender is unspecified, D may not be true.

The Strait of Hormuz, near Pakistani waters, is a key trade route (maritime studies).

G-2 refers to US-China bilateral relations (diplomatic studies).

Earth’s average density (~5.5 g/cm³) exceeds surface rock density (~2.7–3.0 g/cm³), indicating a dense metallic core, confirmed by seismic studies, per geophysics (e.g., “Earth” by Tarbuck).

Cytology studies cell structure and function, distinct from physiology (body functions) and anatomy (body structures), per biology texts (e.g., Campbell Biology).

Solar energy includes visible light, infrared, and ultraviolet, all forms of electromagnetic waves, as per solar physics (e.g., NASA solar studies).