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The MCQs below are drawn from the Governance & Public Policies subject category.
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71
The principle of subsidiarity in public administration means that
A. central government should retain all decision-making powers
B. decisions should be made only by international bodies
C. public functions should be performed by the lowest level competent to do them effectively
D. private actors should always replace public institutions
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Explanation
Subsidiarity holds that responsibilities should be assigned to the lowest competent level to enhance responsiveness and efficiency.
72
Public choice theory in the study of public administration primarily assumes that
A. bureaucrats are perfectly altruistic and always place public interest first
B. individuals in public institutions act largely as self-interested agents responding to incentives
C. collective decision-making always yields socially optimal outcomes
D. administrative decisions are unaffected by institutional incentives
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Explanation
Public choice theory applies economic assumptions of self-interest and incentives to public actors, explaining behavior as responses to those incentives.
73
Which of the following best describes a core feature of New Public Management (NPM)?
A. Re-emphasis on hierarchical control and strict rule-following
B. Adoption of market-oriented mechanisms, performance measurement and managerial autonomy
C. Complete abolition of public sector contracting and outsourcing
D. Subordination of efficiency to bureaucratic procedure
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Explanation
NPM emphasizes market mechanisms, performance measurement, and managerial autonomy to improve efficiency and service delivery.
74
The principal–agent problem in public administration primarily arises because
A. agents (bureaucrats) often have more information than principals (political officials) and may pursue divergent interests
B. principals always have complete information about administrative processes
C. agents are always perfectly aligned with the public interest
D. principals directly control every administrative decision
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Explanation
The principal–agent problem stems from information asymmetry and differing objectives between principals and agents, enabling agents to act in their own interest.
75
According to standard public policy models, which stage immediately follows agenda-setting?
A. Policy evaluation
B. Policy formulation
C. Policy termination
D. Policy implementation
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Explanation
After an issue reaches the agenda, policymakers develop and formulate specific policy options before implementation and evaluation.
76
The principal–agent problem in public administration primarily refers to:
A. Tension between different political parties over policy
B. The risk that agents (e.g., bureaucrats) will pursue their own interests rather than the principals' (e.g., elected officials') objectives
C. Conflicts between the judiciary and the legislature
D. The difficulty citizens face in monitoring elections
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Explanation
The principal–agent problem describes delegation risks where agents may shirk or pursue private goals contrary to principals' interests.
77
What is the primary function of the Council of Common Interests (CCI) under Pakistan's constitutional design?
A. To advise the President on judicial appointments.
B. To resolve and coordinate issues of shared federal and provincial interest.
C. To regulate political party funding at the provincial level.
D. To manage elections and electoral rolls across provinces.
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Explanation
The CCI is constitutionally mandated to resolve disputes and coordinate policies on matters that are in the federal and provincial domain.
78
Which statement best describes a 'waqf' in Islamic law?
A. A temporary loan for commercial enterprise
B. A permanent dedication of property for religious or charitable purposes where the original owner’s proprietary rights are extinguished
C. A testamentary gift that takes effect only after all heirs have received their shares
D. A criminal fine imposed for breach of public order
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Explanation
A waqf is a perpetual endowment dedicating property for public or charitable use, with the donor relinquishing ownership and appointing a trustee to manage its benefits.
79
The doctrine of legitimate expectation in administrative law primarily protects which type of interest of citizens?
A. A legally enforceable private property right against the state.
B. A procedural expectation that a public authority will follow promised decision-making processes.
C. An automatic right to monetary compensation whenever a policy changes.
D. A person's entitlement to inherit public office.
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Explanation
Legitimate expectation principally safeguards procedural expectations that a public authority will adhere to promised procedures or consultations before acting.
80
The agenda-setting function of the media is best summarised by which statement?
A. The media tells the public exactly what to think about an issue
B. The media influences which issues the public considers important
C. The media directly determines individual political beliefs
D. The media has no effect on public perceptions of issue importance
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Explanation
Agenda-setting theory posits that the media shapes public salience by influencing which issues audiences perceive as important, not the exact opinions they hold.
