As of 2007, Professor Abdus Salam was the only Pakistani citizen to have received a Nobel Prize [1, p7]. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979 for his work on the electroweak unification theory. Malala Yousafzai later became the second Pakistani Nobel laureate in 2014.

In 2007, Hugo Chávez was serving as the President of Venezuela [1, p7]. He held this office from 1999 until his death in 2013.

As of 2007, the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), now known as the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, had 57 member states [1, p6]. This number has remained relatively stable, although Syria's membership was suspended in 2012.

The question, as stated in the provided source material for a 2007 paper, anachronistically refers to the year 2014 [1, p5]. The 18th SAARC Summit was indeed held in Kathmandu, Nepal, from November 26 to November 27, 2014 [1, p5]. For an exam taken in 2007, the "last" SAARC conference would have been the 14th Summit in New Delhi (April 2007) or the 13th Summit in Dhaka (November 2005). The source's marked answer of (a) Islamabad is incorrect for the 2014 summit.

As of early 2007 (the year of this paper), Ban Ki-moon of South Korea was the UN Secretary-General. He assumed office on January 1, 2007, succeeding Kofi Annan [1, p5]. His first term ended in 2011, and he was re-elected for a second term.

The G-8 (Group of Eight), which has reverted to the G-7 (Group of Seven) after Russia's suspension in 2014, operates as an informal forum for the leaders of major industrialized democracies. It does not possess a formal charter, a permanent secretariat, or a fixed bureaucratic structure. The presidency of the G-7 rotates annually among its member states, and the host country is responsible for organizing the annual summit and related preparatory meetings. In contrast, Greenpeace has an international coordinating body (Greenpeace International, a foundation based in Amsterdam) with a board, management team, and staff, overseeing a global network of national/regional organizations. The D-8 (Developing Eight Organization for Economic Cooperation) has a formal structure including a Summit, Council of Ministers, a Commission, and a permanent Secretariat based in Istanbul, Turkey, headed by a Secretary-General. Therefore, among the options provided, the G-8 (now G-7) is the organization that functions without a formal structure or a permanent secretariat. [3](https://www.greenpeace.org/international/about/structure/)[6](https://www.greenpeace.org/international/about/governance/).

Al Gore, former U.S. Vice President, was jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007 with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [2, p2]. They were recognized for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change, with Gore's work on raising awareness about global warming being a key aspect.

Robert Bruce Zoellick was the eleventh president of the World Bank [2, p23]. He served in this position from July 1, 2007, to June 30, 2012, and was therefore the president at the time of this paper in 2009.

In 2009, Hu Jintao was the paramount leader of China. He held the key positions of General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (from 2002 to 2012) and President of the People's Republic of China (from 2003 to 2013). He also served as Chairman of the Central Military Commission (from 2004 to 2012) [2, p22].

Nicolas Sarkozy served as the President of France from May 16, 2007, until May 15, 2012 [2, p22]. At the time of this paper in 2009, he was in his first term as the French President.