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The MCQs below are drawn from the Governance & Public Policies subject category.
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81
What is a major advantage of public–private partnerships (PPPs) in delivering urban infrastructure?
A. They can mobilize private finance and transfer certain implementation and performance risks to the private sector
B. They remove the need for any public oversight or regulatory frameworks
C. They always guarantee lower user fees than public provision
D. They substitute municipal planning processes with private corporate strategies
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Correct Option
Explanation
PPPs leverage private capital and expertise while allocating some construction and operational risks to private partners, though public oversight remains necessary.
82
Transit-oriented development (TOD) primarily seeks to:
A. Prioritize construction of highways connecting suburbs
B. Encourage strict separation of residential and commercial zones
C. Locate compact, higher-density mixed-use development around transit stations
D. Limit residential development near transit to preserve parking
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Correct Option
Explanation
TOD concentrates mixed-use, higher-density development near transit nodes to increase public-transport use and reduce car dependence.
83
Which concept, formulated by C. Wright Mills, describes the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences (personal troubles) and larger social forces (public issues)?
A. Sociological imagination
B. Social structure
C. Collective conscience
D. Cultural capital
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Correct Option
Explanation
Mills' sociological imagination refers to linking personal troubles to public issues and understanding individuals within broader social contexts.
84
One significant advantage of e‑governance in public administration is that it
A. eliminates the need for public managers
B. increases transparency and reduces opportunities for corruption by improving access to information
C. guarantees equal digital access for all citizens regardless of capacity
D. removes the requirement for accountability mechanisms
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Correct Option
Explanation
E-governance enhances transparency and access to information, which can reduce corruption and improve citizen oversight of public services.
85
Policy implementation differs from policy formulation in that implementation
A. is primarily concerned with agenda-setting and problem definition
B. takes place before policies are adopted by policymakers
C. is a purely theoretical exercise without administrative involvement
D. involves translating policy decisions into concrete actions through administrative machinery
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Correct Option
Explanation
Implementation is the administrative process of putting adopted policies into action using resources, procedures and personnel.
86
The principle of subsidiarity in public administration means that
A. central government should retain all decision-making powers
B. decisions should be made only by international bodies
C. public functions should be performed by the lowest level competent to do them effectively
D. private actors should always replace public institutions
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Correct Option
Explanation
Subsidiarity holds that responsibilities should be assigned to the lowest competent level to enhance responsiveness and efficiency.
87
Public choice theory in the study of public administration primarily assumes that
A. bureaucrats are perfectly altruistic and always place public interest first
B. individuals in public institutions act largely as self-interested agents responding to incentives
C. collective decision-making always yields socially optimal outcomes
D. administrative decisions are unaffected by institutional incentives
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Explanation
Public choice theory applies economic assumptions of self-interest and incentives to public actors, explaining behavior as responses to those incentives.
88
Which of the following best describes a core feature of New Public Management (NPM)?
A. Re-emphasis on hierarchical control and strict rule-following
B. Adoption of market-oriented mechanisms, performance measurement and managerial autonomy
C. Complete abolition of public sector contracting and outsourcing
D. Subordination of efficiency to bureaucratic procedure
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Correct Option
Explanation
NPM emphasizes market mechanisms, performance measurement, and managerial autonomy to improve efficiency and service delivery.
89
The principal–agent problem in public administration primarily arises because
A. agents (bureaucrats) often have more information than principals (political officials) and may pursue divergent interests
B. principals always have complete information about administrative processes
C. agents are always perfectly aligned with the public interest
D. principals directly control every administrative decision
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Correct Option
Explanation
The principal–agent problem stems from information asymmetry and differing objectives between principals and agents, enabling agents to act in their own interest.
90
According to standard public policy models, which stage immediately follows agenda-setting?
A. Policy evaluation
B. Policy formulation
C. Policy termination
D. Policy implementation
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Correct Option
Explanation
After an issue reaches the agenda, policymakers develop and formulate specific policy options before implementation and evaluation.
