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The MCQs below are drawn from the Governance & Public Policies subject category.
Showing 71–80
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71
Under the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, which institution has the final authority to interpret the Constitution?
A. Parliament
B. President
C. Supreme Court
D. Council of Islamic Ideology
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Correct Option
Explanation
The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body charged with constitutional interpretation, so option c is correct.
72
Which United Nations agency coordinates international public health and leads global responses to disease outbreaks?
A. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
B. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
C. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
D. World Health Organization (WHO)
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Correct Option
Explanation
The WHO is the UN agency responsible for international public health and coordinating responses to disease outbreaks, making option d correct.
73
What is the primary aim of the G20 grouping?
A. To govern United Nations activities
B. To set and enforce international criminal law
C. To promote international economic cooperation and financial stability
D. To serve as a global human-rights monitoring body
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Correct Option
Explanation
The G20 is chiefly a forum for international economic cooperation and policies to promote financial stability, so option c is correct.
74
What is a major advantage of public–private partnerships (PPPs) in delivering urban infrastructure?
A. They can mobilize private finance and transfer certain implementation and performance risks to the private sector
B. They remove the need for any public oversight or regulatory frameworks
C. They always guarantee lower user fees than public provision
D. They substitute municipal planning processes with private corporate strategies
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Correct Option
Explanation
PPPs leverage private capital and expertise while allocating some construction and operational risks to private partners, though public oversight remains necessary.
75
Transit-oriented development (TOD) primarily seeks to:
A. Prioritize construction of highways connecting suburbs
B. Encourage strict separation of residential and commercial zones
C. Locate compact, higher-density mixed-use development around transit stations
D. Limit residential development near transit to preserve parking
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Correct Option
Explanation
TOD concentrates mixed-use, higher-density development near transit nodes to increase public-transport use and reduce car dependence.
76
Which concept, formulated by C. Wright Mills, describes the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences (personal troubles) and larger social forces (public issues)?
A. Sociological imagination
B. Social structure
C. Collective conscience
D. Cultural capital
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Correct Option
Explanation
Mills' sociological imagination refers to linking personal troubles to public issues and understanding individuals within broader social contexts.
77
One significant advantage of e‑governance in public administration is that it
A. eliminates the need for public managers
B. increases transparency and reduces opportunities for corruption by improving access to information
C. guarantees equal digital access for all citizens regardless of capacity
D. removes the requirement for accountability mechanisms
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Correct Option
Explanation
E-governance enhances transparency and access to information, which can reduce corruption and improve citizen oversight of public services.
78
Policy implementation differs from policy formulation in that implementation
A. is primarily concerned with agenda-setting and problem definition
B. takes place before policies are adopted by policymakers
C. is a purely theoretical exercise without administrative involvement
D. involves translating policy decisions into concrete actions through administrative machinery
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Correct Option
Explanation
Implementation is the administrative process of putting adopted policies into action using resources, procedures and personnel.
79
The principle of subsidiarity in public administration means that
A. central government should retain all decision-making powers
B. decisions should be made only by international bodies
C. public functions should be performed by the lowest level competent to do them effectively
D. private actors should always replace public institutions
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Correct Option
Explanation
Subsidiarity holds that responsibilities should be assigned to the lowest competent level to enhance responsiveness and efficiency.
80
Public choice theory in the study of public administration primarily assumes that
A. bureaucrats are perfectly altruistic and always place public interest first
B. individuals in public institutions act largely as self-interested agents responding to incentives
C. collective decision-making always yields socially optimal outcomes
D. administrative decisions are unaffected by institutional incentives
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Correct Option
Explanation
Public choice theory applies economic assumptions of self-interest and incentives to public actors, explaining behavior as responses to those incentives.
