When a court hears proceedings in camera, it does so behind closed doors, excluding the general public to protect confidentiality or sensitive information.

Persona ficta is a Latin term meaning “fictitious person” and refers to a juridical or artificial person created by law. It denotes an organization or collective—such as a corporation or public body—that the legal system treats as a single entity capable of holding rights, incurring obligations, owning property, and suing or being sued independently of its individual members. This legal fiction, rooted in Roman and medieval canon law, underpins modern corporate and administrative law by granting such bodies perpetual existence and distinct legal personality from the humans who compose them.

Hegemonic Stability Theory posits that international order requires a predominant state (the hegemon) to articulate and enforce rules, providing public goods—such as security and open markets—that underpin global stability.

The 2018 FIFA World Cup took place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018, marking the first time the tournament was held in Eastern Europe.[5](https://www.jworldtimes.com/old-site/css-exclusive/css-special/css-2017-solved-papers-current-affairs-mcqs/)

In 2018, Pakistan completed a deal with Russia for Mi-35 attack helicopters to modernize its rotary-wing fleet.

Emmanuel Macron became France’s youngest president in May 2017, succeeding François Hollande.

Jinnah famously stipulated a symbolic monthly salary of one rupee to demonstrate his public-service ethos.

On 16 December 2014, militants stormed the Army Public School in Peshawar, killing over 140 people, mostly children.

Although the modern Republican Party dates from the 1850s, Alexander Hamilton established the “Federalist Party,” a precursor, which laid groundwork for American two-party politics.

SIPRI reported that global military spending reached $1,822 billion in 2019, marking a three-percent real-terms increase over 2018[20](https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780192847577/sipri-9780192847577-chapter-008-div1-041.xml?rskey=0ka14O&result=242&q=).