Bahlol Lodi established the Lodi dynasty in 1451 AD after the decline of the Sayyid dynasty. This marked the beginning of the first Afghan rule over the Delhi Sultanate, which lasted until the Mughal conquest.

Timur, also known as Tamerlane or Tamur Lang, was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who established the Timurid Empire. In 1398, he launched a major invasion of India, during which he sacked and plundered Delhi, significantly weakening the Tughlaq dynasty. His military campaigns spanned across Central Asia, Persia, and the Caucasus, making him one of the most formidable conquerors of the medieval period.

Timur, the Turco-Mongol conqueror, launched a devastating invasion of India in 1398. His forces reached Delhi, where they defeated the army of Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq. The subsequent sack of Delhi caused immense destruction and effectively signaled the decline of the Tughlaq dynasty.

Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khilji founded the Khilji dynasty in 1290 after overthrowing the Mamluk dynasty. He was the first ruler of this dynasty, which marked the second ruling house of the Delhi Sultanate. His reign was characterized by a more moderate approach compared to his successor, Alauddin Khilji, who later expanded the empire significantly across the Indian subcontinent.

Ghiyas ud-Din Tughluq, originally known as Ghazi Malik, founded the Tughlaq dynasty in 1320 AD after overthrowing the Khilji dynasty. He served as the governor of Dipalpur before ascending to the throne of the Delhi Sultanate. His reign marked the beginning of a new era of administration and territorial expansion, which was later continued by his successors, Muhammad bin Tughluq and Firoz Shah Tughluq.

The Tughluq dynasty succeeded the Khilji dynasty in 1320 A.D. Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, the founder, rose to power after the internal instability that followed the death of Alauddin Khilji. The Tughluqs expanded the Delhi Sultanate to its greatest territorial extent in the subcontinent, though they later faced significant challenges that led to the eventual fragmentation of their empire before the arrival of the Sayyids and Lodis.

The Lodhi dynasty, an Afghan dynasty, was the last to rule the Delhi Sultanate before the Mughal Empire was established by Babur in 1526. It succeeded the Sayyid dynasty and ended with the defeat of Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat.

Ibn Battuta was a famous Moroccan explorer who traveled extensively throughout the Islamic world. He arrived in India in 1333 AD and served in the court of Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq for several years before continuing his travels to China and other regions.