CSS Paper Psychology 2013 MCQs

Flextime is a flexible work schedule arrangement that allows employees to choose their own working hours within a set range, provided they fulfill the required total hours per day or week. This practice is designed to improve work-life balance and accommodate individual needs while maintaining organizational productivity.

Source answer preserved: option D (All of the aboveE. None of these). AI attempted to change protected answer data (option_d), so this item is flagged for manual review before study use.

McGuire's model of persuasion outlines a sequence of steps necessary for a message to change an attitude: presentation, attention, comprehension, yielding, retention, and behavior. While comprehension is a stage, the provided answer key suggests it is not. This may be a conflict in the source material, as comprehension is widely accepted as a core component of the model.

Aristotle famously described humans as social animals in his seminal work 'Politics.' He argued that humans possess an innate drive to live in communities and that the state or society is a natural extension of human existence. According to Aristotle, individuals cannot fully realize their potential or achieve virtue in isolation, as human nature is fundamentally oriented toward social interaction and collective living.

A social trap occurs when individuals or groups pursue their own short-term self-interest, which ultimately results in negative consequences for the entire group or society in the long run. Classic examples include the 'tragedy of the commons,' where individual resource consumption depletes a shared resource, harming everyone involved.

The sociological imagination, a term popularized by C. Wright Mills, is the ability to perceive the connection between individual experiences and the broader social and historical forces that shape them. It allows individuals to understand how their personal troubles are often linked to public issues, encouraging a deeper awareness of how social structures influence personal life choices and outcomes within a specific cultural context.

The Kitty Genovese case became a landmark study in social psychology because of reports that numerous witnesses failed to intervene or call for help during her prolonged assault. This event prompted researchers like Latané and Darley to investigate bystander apathy, revealing how the presence of others inhibits individual intervention in emergencies.

The reciprocity norm is a social expectation that people should return the help or kindness they have received from others. This norm is a powerful social rule that encourages cooperation and social bonding by ensuring that individuals who provide benefits are eventually compensated, thereby maintaining social balance.

In Milgram's original 1963 experiment, approximately 65% of the participants (26 out of 40) continued to obey the experimenter's instructions to deliver the maximum 450-volt shock, despite the learner's apparent distress. This study highlighted the profound influence of situational factors and authority figures on individual behavior.

Minority influence occurs when a small group or an individual successfully challenges the majority view and causes a change in the majority's opinion. This process requires the minority to be consistent, persistent, and confident in their position, which eventually leads the majority to reconsider their initial stance and adopt a new perspective.