The Umayyad administration standardized Arabic as the official language for governance and administration, which had long-term institutional effects across their domains.

The House of Wisdom spearheaded a large-scale translation movement that rendered Greek, Syriac and other texts into Arabic and fostered intellectual synthesis.

Abd al-Malik (r. 685–705) introduced Arabic in administration and replaced Byzantine-Sassanian coinage with Islamic coinage as part of state centralization.

The hamza is the conventional Perso-Arabic character used to denote a glottal stop or related orthographic functions in adapted Balochi script.

Balochi literary texts are most commonly written in a modified Perso-Arabic script adapted from Persian/Urdu orthography.

لم is a negative particle that makes the following present-tense verb jussive, as in 'لم يذهبْ'.

قَلِق means 'worried' or 'anxious', so the synonym 'worried' (قلق) is correct.

الطيب صالح is the Sudanese writer who authored 'موسم الهجرة إلى الشمال', a landmark modern Arabic novel.

“Is in the thick of the action” is the appropriate idiomatic equivalent conveying presence at the center of events.

خبر is the predicate in a nominal sentence and provides information about the مبتدأ (subject).