The first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, was scheduled to end on December 31, 2012 [2, p22]. Subsequent discussions and amendments (like the Doha Amendment) extended commitments for some parties, but the initial period concluded in 2012. The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, has since become the primary international framework for climate action post-2020.
The 2016 Summer Olympics were awarded to and subsequently held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [2, p21]. The International Olympic Committee made this decision in October 2009, making Rio de Janeiro the first South American city to host the Summer Olympics.
World Press Freedom Day is observed annually on May 3rd. The United Nations General Assembly declared this day in December 1993 to raise awareness of the importance of freedom of the press and to remind governments of their duty to respect and uphold the right to freedom of expression [2, p21].
Madagascar, located off the southeastern coast of Africa, is the largest island in the Indian Ocean [2, p21]. It is also the fourth-largest island in the world.
François Fillon served as the Prime Minister of France from May 17, 2007, to May 10, 2012, under President Nicolas Sarkozy [2, p20]. Since "Prime Minister of France" is not listed as an option, the correct choice is (d) None of these.
137
Total cultivable Land of Pakistan is approximately:
The total geographical area of Pakistan is approximately 79.6 million hectares (often rounded to 80 million hectares) [2, p20]. The term "cultivable land" in the context of the given options likely refers to this total geographical area, within which the actual cultivated land (around 22 million hectares) and culturable waste (land that can be brought under cultivation, around 8-9 million hectares) exist. The options provided are significantly larger than the actual area under cultivation or potentially cultivable land (which is roughly 30-32 million hectares). Thus, 80 million hectares, representing the country's total area, is the most plausible interpretation of the question given the options and the source's answer.
138
Which of the following categories of Nobel Prize was established in 1968?
The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (officially the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel) was established in 1968 by Sweden's central bank, Sveriges Riksbank, to commemorate the bank's 300th anniversary [2, p20]. It is awarded alongside the original Nobel Prizes established by Alfred Nobel's will.
Based on the 1998 census data, which would have been the most relevant official figures around 2010, Bajaur Agency had the largest population among the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan. South Waziristan Agency was the largest by geographical area, not population [2, p20]. The provided source incorrectly states South Waziristan as the answer and confuses population with size in its explanation.
140
The recently published book "Between Dreams and Realities" is written by:
The book titled "Between Dreams and Realities: Some Milestones in Pakistan’s History" was authored by Sartaj Aziz, a prominent Pakistani economist and politician [2, p19]. Since Sartaj Aziz is not among the options provided, the correct answer is (d) None of these.
