Duplicate of Q22. Initiated by China in 2015 (AIIB).

Duplicate of Q17. Paris Agreement targets <2°C warming (UN). Unique Questions (Q167, Q174–Q180, Q196–Q200)

Launched in 2015 to advance manufacturing (Chinese policy documents).

The AIIB was initiated by China in 2015 for infrastructure funding, per official AIIB records.

The Paris Agreement (2015) targets limiting global warming to below 2°C, unlike Kyoto (1997) or Copenhagen (2009), per UN climate records.

The first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, was scheduled to end on December 31, 2012 [2, p22]. Subsequent discussions and amendments (like the Doha Amendment) extended commitments for some parties, but the initial period concluded in 2012. The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, has since become the primary international framework for climate action post-2020.

On 19 August 2015, Pakistan’s military signed its first-ever formal defence cooperation pact with Russia.

The first India-China “Hand-in-Hand” counter-terrorism drill was held at Kunming in October 2015.

The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) between Iran and major powers was finalized in Vienna on July 14, 2015.

Prisoners of Geography: Ten Maps That Tell You Everything You Need to Know About Global Politics (2015) is authored by British foreign affairs journalist Tim Marshall. The book illustrates how topography, mountain barriers, river systems, climate, and coastlines shape international relations, power projection, and state behavior.