South African police fired on protesters demonstrating against pass laws, killing 69 people and leading to the banning of the ANC and PAC.

Launched by Gandhi during WWII, it was a mass protest demanding an orderly British withdrawal from India.

Viceroy Curzon partitioned Bengal to make it easier to govern (and to divide Hindu/Muslim unity), triggering massive nationalist protests.

Gandhi led the non-violent march in 1930 to protest the British monopoly on salt, a key event in the Indian independence movement.

Social Darwinism was used by imperialists to justify the conquest of 'weaker' races, arguing that European dominance was nature's way of improving the human species.

The Luddites were 19th-century English textile workers who protested against newly developed labor-saving machinery by destroying it, fearing it would take their jobs.

The Council of Trent was the Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic doctrine, corrected abuses, and reformed the church administration.

Titian (Tiziano Vecelli) was the greatest painter of the Venetian School, celebrated for his mastery of color and his dynamic compositions.

William Shakespeare is the preeminent writer of the Elizabethan era (English Renaissance), known for his plays and sonnets that explore the human condition with profound depth.

The movement encouraged the boycott of British goods and the use of Indian-made goods in response to Lord Curzon's partition of Bengal.