Sufi theology teaches that miracles are not the saint's own doing but are acts of God through the saint to encourage others or provide help. The greatest 'Karamat' is believed to be the ability to change a person's heart from darkness to light.
9102
The 'Hafiz' of Shiraz is primarily famous for which type of Sufi literature?
Hafiz is considered the greatest master of the Persian Ghazal. His 'Diwan' uses ambiguous language of wine and love to describe the soul's ecstatic and often painful search for God, making it one of the most widely read books in the Islamic world.
9103
Who was the 'Sultan of Saints' (Ghaus-e-Azam) according to popular Sufi tradition?
Sheikh Abdul Qadir Gilani is revered across the Muslim world as the 'Ghaus-e-Azam' (the Greatest Helper). His reputation for spiritual power and his foundational Qadiri order have made him one of the most cited saints in Islamic history.
9104
The accession of Aurangzeb in 1658 CE followed a war of succession between him and his brothers, most notably:
Aurangzeb defeated Dara Shikoh, who was the favored heir of Shah Jahan. Aurangzeb's nearly $50$-year reign expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest extent but faced numerous internal rebellions.
9105
The 'Arab Spring', which began in 2011 CE, was a wave of pro-democracy protests that started in which country?
Sparked by the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi, the protests led to the ousting of long-time dictators in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen. However, it also resulted in civil wars in Syria and Libya.
9106
The start of the First Intifada in 1987 CE was a spontaneous Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation in which territories?
Characterized by mass protests and the 'war of stones,' the Intifada brought international attention to the Palestinian cause and eventually led to the 1993 Oslo Accords.
9107
The Songhai Empire reached its greatest extent under Sunni Ali and Askia Muhammad, centered around which city?
Centered in Gao and spanning the Niger River valley, the Songhai Empire became the largest state in African history. Askia Muhammad, in particular, was a patron of learning, making Timbuktu a world-renowned intellectual center.
9108
Under which Umayyad Caliph did the empire reach its greatest territorial extent, stretching from Spain to India?
The reign of Al-Walid I (705–715) saw the conquest of Spain (Al-Andalus) in the west by Tariq ibn Ziyad and Sindh (modern Pakistan) in the east by Muhammad ibn Qasim. He also built the Great Mosque of Damascus.
9109
Which scholar wrote the 'Al-Muqtabis,' a crucial history of the Umayyad period in al-Andalus?
Ibn Hayyan of Cordoba was one of the greatest historians of al-Andalus. His 'Al-Muqtabis' provides a detailed and often critical account of the Umayyad administration and the social life of the capital.
9110
Which Mughal Emperor's name means 'The Glorious' and is considered the greatest of the dynasty?
Jalal-ud-din Muhammad took the title 'Akbar' (The Great/Glorious). His multi-decade reign transformed the Mughal state into a stable, multi-ethnic, and immensely wealthy empire, establishing the systems that his successors followed for over a century.
