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9651
Who is considered the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence?
A. John von Neumann
B. Alan Turing
C. Claude Shannon
D. Norbert Wiener
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Explanation
Alan Turing formalized the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine and proposed the Turing Test for AI.
9652
Who developed DNA fingerprinting (profiling)?
A. James Watson
B. Alec Jeffreys
C. Kary Mullis
D. Francis Crick
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Explanation
Sir Alec Jeffreys developed DNA profiling in 1984, which revolutionized forensic science and paternity testing.
9653
What was the name of the prototype Space Shuttle used for atmospheric flight tests but never went to space?
A. Enterprise
B. Pathfinder
C. Endeavour
D. Constitution
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Explanation
Space Shuttle Enterprise was a test vehicle used for approach and landing tests in 1977; it lacked engines and a heat shield for orbit.
9654
What is the name of the spacecraft currently holding the record for the fastest human-made object?
A. Voyager 1
B. New Horizons
C. Parker Solar Probe
D. Juno
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The Parker Solar Probe, launched to study the Sun, uses gravity assists to achieve record-breaking speeds, eventually exceeding 430,000 mph.
9655
Which NASA mission deliberately crashed a spacecraft into an asteroid to test planetary defense?
A. Deep Impact
B. DART
C. NEAR Shoemaker
D. Armageddon
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The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) successfully impacted the asteroid moonlet Dimorphos in 2022 to change its orbit.
9656
What was the first international space mission, involving the docking of an American and a Soviet spacecraft?
A. Apollo-Soyuz
B. Shuttle-Mir
C. Gemini-Vostok
D. Soyuz-Skylab
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The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project in 1975 marked the first time US and Soviet spacecraft docked in space, symbolizing a thaw in the Cold War.
9657
Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton, and Charles M. Rice won the 2020 Nobel Prize in Medicine for the discovery of:
A. Hepatitis C virus
B. Hepatitis B virus
C. Zika virus
D. Coronavirus
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Explanation
Their discovery led to blood tests and new medicines that have saved millions of lives from liver cirrhosis and cancer.
9658
Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie, and Roger Y. Tsien won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2008 for the discovery and development of:
A. Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)
B. Red Fluorescent Protein
C. Bioluminescence
D. Electron microscopy
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GFP, originally from jellyfish, is used as a glowing marker to visualize processes inside living cells.
9659
Robert Edwards was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Medicine for the development of:
A. In vitro fertilization (IVF)
B. Cloning
C. Stem cell therapy
D. Gene therapy
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Edwards developed human IVF therapy, which led to the birth of the first 'test-tube baby', Louise Brown, in 1978.
9660
Discoverers of the HIV virus, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier, were awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in:
A. 1995
B. 2000
C. 2008
D. 2020
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They shared the 2008 prize for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Harald zur Hausen also shared the prize for discovering HPVs cause cervical cancer.
