Alan Turing formalized the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine and proposed the Turing Test for AI.

Sir Alec Jeffreys developed DNA profiling in 1984, which revolutionized forensic science and paternity testing.

Space Shuttle Enterprise was a test vehicle used for approach and landing tests in 1977; it lacked engines and a heat shield for orbit.

The Parker Solar Probe, launched to study the Sun, uses gravity assists to achieve record-breaking speeds, eventually exceeding 430,000 mph.

The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) successfully impacted the asteroid moonlet Dimorphos in 2022 to change its orbit.

The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project in 1975 marked the first time US and Soviet spacecraft docked in space, symbolizing a thaw in the Cold War.

ESA's Rosetta mission deployed the Philae lander, which successfully landed on Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014.

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) launched Mangalyaan (Mars Orbiter Mission), which entered Mars orbit in 2014.

They discovered 'place cells' and 'grid cells' that allow the brain to map space, often called the brain's inner GPS.

Their discovery led to blood tests and new medicines that have saved millions of lives from liver cirrhosis and cancer.