Pakistan played a pivotal role as a lead facilitator in the negotiations that culminated in the Doha Agreement (officially the Agreement for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan) between the United States and the Taliban. By using its diplomatic leverage and coordinating closely with US envoy Zalmay Khalilzad, Islamabad helped secure the framework for the withdrawal of NATO forces and the initiation of intra-Afghan negotiations.

The Salal dispute was a major test of the IWT. India agreed to reduce the height of the dam and modify spillway gates after bilateral talks, proving that the treaty could resolve complex engineering disputes without external arbitration if political will existed.

The Salal Hydroelectric Project was one of the early technical tests of the IWT. After years of technical disagreement, the two nations reached an agreement in 1978. India agreed to modify the dam's design to address Pakistan's concerns about water control, proving that technical diplomacy could work under the IWT framework.

In 2020, Pakistan released an updated political map that included Junagadh and Manavadar as part of its territory. These states had acceded to Pakistan in 1947 but were annexed by India shortly after. By including them in the map, Pakistan reaffirmed its legal claim over these territories based on the historical instruments of accession signed by their rulers.

The 850 MW Ratle project is a major point of contention. Pakistan has raised objections to its design, specifically regarding the storage capacity and the speed at which India can manipulate water levels. In 2023, the World Bank allowed the simultaneous processes of a Neutral Expert and a Court of Arbitration to address the Ratle and Kishanganga disputes, reflecting the high stakes of water diplomacy.

The Durand Line was established in 1893 following an agreement between Sir Mortimer Durand and Amir Abdur Rahman Khan of Afghanistan. While Pakistan inherited this as the legal international boundary in 1947, successive Afghan governments have contested its legitimacy. In recent years, Pakistan has fenced nearly 98% of the border to regulate movement and curb cross-border militancy.

The Salal project on the Chenab River was one of the early tests of water diplomacy. After years of technical disagreement, the two nations reached an agreement in 1978 during the visit of the Indian Foreign Minister to Pakistan. India agreed to modify the dam's design to address Pakistan's concerns about water control, proving that bilateralism could work under the IWT umbrella.

The 850 MW Ratle project is a major point of contention. Pakistan has raised objections to its design, specifically regarding the storage capacity and the speed at which India can manipulate water levels. In 2023, the World Bank allowed the simultaneous processes of a Neutral Expert and a Court of Arbitration to address the Ratle and Kishanganga disputes, highlighting the increasing complexity of water diplomacy.

Moving forward, Pakistan aims to be seen as a 'pivot' of Eurasia. The strategy is to leverage its geographical position to act as a transit hub, providing the shortest and most economical route for energy and trade between Central Asia, China, and the rest of the world.

After the 1998 nuclear tests, Nawaz Sharif proposed the 'Strategic Restraint Regime' (SRR) with India. The SRR included three pillars: nuclear restraint, conventional balance, and the resolution of the Kashmir dispute. This remains a core part of Pakistan's diplomatic stance on regional security.