HbA1c measures the percentage of hemoglobin that has glucose attached to it. Because red blood cells live for about 120 days, this test provides an average of glycemic control over the preceding 8–12 weeks.
14022
The 'Tinel sign' and 'Phalen maneuver' are used in the diagnosis of which condition?
Tinel's sign (percussion over the median nerve) and Phalen's maneuver (forced flexion of the wrist) are provocative tests used to elicit tingling or numbness in patients with suspected Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.
14023
Which condition is characterized by 'Rice-water stools'?
Cholera, caused by Vibrio cholerae, leads to massive watery diarrhea that resembles water in which rice has been washed. This is due to the cholera toxin's effect on the intestinal lining.
14024
Which diagnostic test uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize heart structures and function?
An Echocardiogram is an ultrasound of the heart. It provides real-time images of the heart chambers, valves, and blood flow, allowing clinicians to assess cardiac output and detect structural abnormalities.
14025
Which antibody is most specific for the diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?
While Rheumatoid Factor is commonly tested, Anti-CCP antibodies are much more specific for Rheumatoid Arthritis and can often be detected earlier in the course of the disease compared to RF.
14026
What is the primary objective of a 'D-dimer' blood test in a patient with shortness of breath?
D-dimer is a fibrin degradation product. Because it is sensitive but not specific, a negative D-dimer test is highly useful for ruling out Pulmonary Embolism (PE) or DVT in patients with a low clinical probability.
14027
Which breath test is commonly used to diagnose Helicobacter pylori infection?
The Urea Breath Test utilizes the fact that H. pylori produces the enzyme urease, which breaks down urea into ammonia and CO2. The patient swallows labeled urea, and the labeled CO2 is detected in the exhaled breath.
14028
Which test is used to screen for HIV infection before confirmation with more specific assays?
Modern 4th generation ELISA tests detect both HIV antibodies and the p24 antigen. It is the standard screening tool due to its high sensitivity; positive results are then confirmed with a Western Blot or differentiation assay.
14029
Which screening test is recommended for the early detection of Cervical Cancer?
The Papanicolaou (Pap) smear is a cytological screening test used to detect precancerous or cancerous changes in the cervix. It has significantly reduced cervical cancer mortality through early detection.
14030
Which of the following is the most definitive test for diagnosing Iron Deficiency Anemia?
Serum Ferritin is the most sensitive and specific lab test for iron deficiency as it reflects total body iron stores. A low ferritin level is almost always diagnostic of iron deficiency, even before anemia develops.
