A touchstone (کسوٹی) was a stone used to test gold. Metaphorically, it is a 'standard or criterion' (معیار) by which something is judged.

Testimony (گواہی) is a formal statement, especially one given in a court of law, that serves as 'evidence' (ثبوت). 'Proclivity' (رجحان) and 'Propensity' (میلان) are synonyms for 'tendency'.

Execrable (انتہائی برا) means extremely bad, unpleasant, or 'detestable' (قابل نفرت).

An effigy (پتلا) is a 'crude image' (بھدا مجسمہ) or sculpture of a person, often made to be damaged or destroyed in a protest.

Detestable (قابل نفرت) means deserving intense dislike or hatred. 'Abhorrent' (مکروہ) is a strong synonym, meaning inspiring disgust and loathing. 'Adorable' (پیارا) is the antonym.

A crucible (آزمائش) is a container for melting metals at high temperatures, or metaphorically, a 'severe test' (سخت امتحان) or trial where different elements interact.

Cardinal (بنیادی) means of the greatest importance; fundamental. 'Principal' (سب سے اہم) or chief is a direct synonym.

Sir Sankaran Nair resigned from the Viceroy's Executive Council in 1919 as a protest against the brutality of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

The Congress ministries resigned in protest because the Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow, declared India a belligerent in World War II without consulting Indian leaders.

After the Congress refused to accept the compulsory grouping clause of the Cabinet Mission Plan, the Muslim League withdrew its acceptance and called for 'Direct Action Day' to achieve Pakistan.