The UAE was a principal signatory to the original Abraham Accords in 2020 and continued diplomatic normalization efforts through 2022.

No new member states left the EU in 2022; the UK’s departure occurred on 31 January 2020.

In 2023, Kenya faced its worst locust swarms in decades, threatening crops and livelihoods across the north.[19](https://concernusa.org/news/locust-crisis-2020/)

María Corina Machado, a Venezuelan democratic opposition leader, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of her tireless, courageous, and non-violent struggle to defend democratic principles, human rights, and a peaceful transition to democracy in Venezuela against authoritarian rule.

English demographer and political economist Thomas Robert Malthus authored the famous treatise An Essay on the Principle of Population in 1798. He introduced the Malthusian theory, arguing that human population increases exponentially (geometrically) while food supply grows arithmetically, inevitably leading to famine, disease, and war unless checked.

“Pakistan: Political & Constitutional Engineering” is authored by Hasan Askari Rizvi, a noted political analyst and former caretaker chief minister of Punjab. [6](https://sangemeel.shop/products/pakistan-political-constitutional-engineering-hasan-askari-rizvi)

Ijma’a (“consensus”) in Islamic jurisprudence requires the unanimous agreement of qualified scholars on a legal ruling, making it a fully binding source of law. [4](https://www.aliftaa.jo/article-en/5858/Articles.aspx)

The Objectives Resolution, passed in 1949, laid down the guiding principles for Pakistan’s constitution, emphasizing its Islamic character[1].

The cardinal principles guiding Pakistan's foreign policy, anchored in national security doctrine and Article 40 of the Constitution of Pakistan, prioritize the defense and preservation of the country's national independence, state sovereignty, security, and territorial integrity.

General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, who ruled Pakistan from 1978 to 1988, implemented policies that aimed to integrate Islamic principles into the governance of Pakistan. His regime is often characterized by a shift towards a more theocratic approach, emphasizing Islamic law (Sharia) and values in the legislative and social frameworks of the country.