Reactivity in metals generally increases as you move down a group in the periodic table because the valence electron is further from the nucleus and more easily lost. Potassium (K) is below Sodium (Na) in Group 1, making it more reactive than sodium, calcium, and iron.
3432
Among the halogens, which element exhibits the highest electron affinity?
While fluorine has the highest electronegativity, chlorine has a higher electron affinity than fluorine. This is due to the small size of the fluorine atom, which causes significant inter-electronic repulsion when an additional electron is added to its compact 2p orbital, whereas the larger 3p orbital of chlorine accommodates the electron more readily.
3433
Among the given options, which element possesses the highest first ionization energy?
Ionization energy generally increases across a period. Nitrogen (2p3) has a half-filled p-orbital, which provides extra stability compared to Oxygen (2p4), making it harder to remove an electron from Nitrogen, thus resulting in a higher first ionization energy.
3434
Which term describes the energy change occurring when an electron is added to a neutral gaseous atom?
Electron affinity is defined as the amount of energy released when an electron is added to a neutral gaseous atom to form a negative ion. It reflects the tendency of an atom to accept an electron. In contrast, ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron, and electronegativity measures an atom's ability to attract shared electrons in a bond.
3435
Match the following elements with their respective periodic trends: List I (a) Smallest atomic radius, (b) Largest atomic radius, (c) Highest electron affinity, (d) Negative electron affinity. List II (1) Cs, (2) F, (3) Br, (4) Cl.
Fluorine (F) has the smallest atomic radius among these. Cesium (Cs) has the largest atomic radius. Chlorine (Cl) has the highest electron affinity. Bromine (Br) is a halogen with a negative electron affinity value in terms of energy release, though the terminology here refers to the specific periodic trends associated with these elements.
3436
Which of the following elements possesses the lowest electron affinity?
Noble gases like Argon have a completely filled valence shell (ns²np⁶), making them extremely stable. Consequently, they have no tendency to accept additional electrons, resulting in an electron affinity that is effectively zero or slightly positive, which is the lowest among these options.
3437
Which of the following elements exhibits the lowest first ionization energy?
Ionization energy generally decreases down a group as the valence electron is further from the nucleus and more shielded. Francium is located at the bottom of Group 1. While Cesium is also very low, Francium has a larger atomic radius, making its valence electron the easiest to remove.
3438
Which material exhibits electrical conduction properties?
Graphite is a good conductor of electricity due to its unique crystal structure, allowing electrons to move freely. This property makes graphite useful in various applications, including electrodes and electrical contacts.
3439
Alkali metals exhibit a particular property in their metallic characters as you move down the group. What is this property?
As you move down the alkali metal group, the metallic characters increase due to the decrease in ionization energy and the increase in atomic size, making it easier for electrons to be removed.
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