Praetorianism denotes frequent military intervention and dominance in politics stemming from weak civilian control and institutions.

Dynamic equivalence emphasizes conveying meaning and natural target-language expression rather than strict literal correspondence.

The Lahore Resolution called for independent or autonomous Muslim-majority units in the northwestern and eastern zones rather than specifying a single unitary state.

A waqf is a perpetual endowment dedicating property for public or charitable use, with the donor relinquishing ownership and appointing a trustee to manage its benefits.

Asabat (residuaries) take the remaining estate after Quranic fixed shares have been allotted, inheriting by virtue of blood relationship or residuary status.

Khulʿ is a form of divorce effected by mutual agreement where the wife obtains separation, commonly by compensating the husband (e.g., returning mahr).

Mahr is a contractual right and constitutes a debt due from the husband to the wife under the marriage agreement.

A valid nikah classically requires offer and acceptance between competent parties and the specification of mahr as part of the marriage contract.

Maqasid al-Sharia focuses on protecting essential values: faith, life, intellect, lineage and property as objectives of Islamic law.

Qiyas is analogical reasoning where a ruling for a known case is extended to a new case because of a shared underlying cause ('illah).