Patriarchy is understood as a social system in which men hold primary power across institutions and social roles.

CEDAW is the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, the primary international treaty on women's rights.

Gender refers to socially constructed roles, behaviors and identities rather than innate biological characteristics.

The scheme allows non-Muslim candidates to offer Comparative Study of Major Religions instead of Islamic Studies.

Recidivism is most often operationalized as rearrest (or reconviction/reincarceration) within a defined follow-up period in longitudinal research.

امرؤ القيس is one of the well-known pre-Islamic poets traditionally included among the Mu'allaqat.

Islamic tradition records that Hazrat Amina, the Prophet's mother, proposed the name 'Ahmed' for him.

Dhimmi denotes a non-Muslim living in an Islamic state who historically held a protected communal status under Islamic law.

According to Islamic historical sources, zakat was made obligatory in 2 AH (the second year after Hijra).

Kazakhstan is the largest country by land area among Muslim-majority states, so it is the biggest Muslim country by area.