The Council of Islamic Ideology (CII) is a constitutional body established under Article 228 of the 1973 Constitution to advise Parliament on Islamic legal compliance.

The Charter of Medina (Mithaq al-Madina), drafted in 622 CE, established civic rights, common defense, and judicial authority among Muslims and Jewish tribes in Madina.

In Islamic jurisprudence, Ijma literally means consensus or unanimous agreement among qualified scholars (Mujtahideen) on a legal question.

The funeral prayer is a collective communal obligation (Fard al-Kifayah); if a group of Muslims performs it, the obligation is discharged for the entire community.

In Islamic law, the threshold (Nisab) for Zakat on gold is 7.5 tolas (approx. 87.48 grams or 20 Mithqals), taxable at a rate of 2.5%.

These are the four established orthodox Sunni schools of Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh).

Jabir ibn Hayyan, often known in the West as Geber, was an early Islamic polymath widely considered as the father of Arab chemistry.

The Battle of Uhud was fought on March 23, 625 AD (3 AH in the Islamic calendar).

"The Spirit of Islam," first published in 1891, was authored by Syed Ameer Ali, a prominent Indo-British jurist, political leader, and Islamic scholar [1, p13]. The book is considered an influential work on Islamic history and thought.

Hamas (Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya or Islamic Resistance Movement) was founded in December 1987, at the beginning of the first Intifada [2](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hamas)[3](https://www.dni.gov/nctc/groups/hamas.html)[5](https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/doctrine-hamas). Sheikh Ahmed Yassin is widely recognized as the principal founder and spiritual leader of Hamas [2](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hamas)[4](https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/ethnic-and-cultural-studies/hamas)[5](https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/doctrine-hamas)[6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AhmedYassin). Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi is also mentioned as a co-founder [6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AhmedYassin). Yasser Arafat was the leader of the PLO, a rival secular organization [2](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hamas). Ismail Haniyeh and Khalid Meshaal are prominent Hamas leaders who rose to prominence later; Haniyeh became Prime Minister of the Palestinian Authority in 2006, and Meshaal became head of Hamas's political bureau in 1996 [2](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hamas). Since Sheikh Ahmed Yassin is not listed among the options, "None of these" is the correct answer.