Cytology studies cell structure and function, distinct from physiology (body functions) and anatomy (body structures), per biology texts (e.g., Campbell Biology).

Solar energy includes visible light, infrared, and ultraviolet, all forms of electromagnetic waves, as per solar physics (e.g., NASA solar studies).

The Lahore Resolution was presented by A.K. Fazlul Huq and adopted at the 27th annual session of the All-India Muslim League on March 23, 1940.

Benazir Bhutto was sworn in as Prime Minister of Pakistan on December 2, 1988, becoming the first female prime minister of a Muslim-majority nation.

Hamas (Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiya) is a Palestinian nationalist and Islamist political and military organization founded in 1987.

Originally named the Organization of the Islamic Conference in 1969, its name was officially changed to Organization of Islamic Cooperation in 2011.

In Islamic law of inheritance, the estate and property left behind by a deceased person after settling debts and funeral costs is termed Tarka.

The Council of Islamic Ideology (CII) is a constitutional body established under Article 228 of the 1973 Constitution to advise Parliament on Islamic legal compliance.

The Charter of Medina (Mithaq al-Madina), drafted in 622 CE, established civic rights, common defense, and judicial authority among Muslims and Jewish tribes in Madina.

In Islamic jurisprudence, Ijma literally means consensus or unanimous agreement among qualified scholars (Mujtahideen) on a legal question.