Buddhism emphasizes the Four Noble Truths, which outline the nature of suffering, its cause, its cessation, and the path to liberation (the Eightfold Path), forming the foundation of Buddhist philosophy.

Jainism was revitalized by Mahavira, a 6th-century BCE spiritual teacher, who is considered the 24th Tirthankara. His teachings on non-violence, truth, and asceticism form the core of Jain philosophy.

Siddhartha Gautama, also known as the Buddha, is the founder of Buddhism. Born in the 6th century BCE, he attained enlightenment and taught the principles of the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, which form the core of Buddhist philosophy.

The global population reached the 8 billion milestone on November 15, 2022, according to the United Nations.