Behaviorism, as championed by figures like Watson and Skinner, posits that psychology should be an objective science. Therefore, it rejects the study of unobservable inner mental states. Instead, behaviorists argue that learning is best understood and measured through changes in observable, measurable behavior resulting from environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies.

The Stimulus-Response Behaviouristic approach focuses exclusively on observable behavior and the environmental factors that shape it. By utilizing principles of instrumental or operant conditioning, this perspective explains how behaviors are learned, maintained, or extinguished based on the consequences that follow them. It posits that complex human actions can be broken down into simpler stimulus-response associations, emphasizing the role of reinforcement and punishment in the acquisition of new behavioral patterns.

The S-O-R model expands upon simple stimulus-response theories by acknowledging the 'Organism' as an active participant. The 'O' represents internal processes such as cognition, motivation, and personality, which mediate the relationship between the stimulus and the response. Because these internal states vary and adapt based on experience and context, the resulting psychological activity is considered dynamic rather than static or fixed.

Behaviorists like John B. Watson argued that psychology should be an objective science. They rejected introspection because it relied on self-reporting, which is inherently subjective, unverifiable, and impossible to measure scientifically. They believed only observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of psychological study.

Alfred Adler founded the school of 'Individual Psychology', which emphasizes the uniqueness of each individual and their striving for superiority to overcome feelings of inferiority. His work focused on the importance of early childhood experiences, birth order, and the role of social interest in shaping a healthy personality, distinguishing his views from those of Freud.

Alfred Adler, the founder of individual psychology, proposed that the primary human motivation is the striving for superiority. He argued that individuals are driven by a need to overcome feelings of inferiority, which he termed the inferiority complex. This pursuit of superiority is not about dominance over others, but rather the drive to achieve one's potential and reach self-fulfillment through social contribution and personal growth.

Alfred Adler, the founder of individual psychology, proposed the concept of the inferiority complex. He argued that individuals who feel inadequate or unable to meet the demands of their environment may develop this complex, which can either hinder personal growth or serve as a motivating force to strive for superiority and self-improvement.

Alfred Adler proposed that the fundamental human motivation is the 'striving for superiority.' He believed that individuals begin life with feelings of inferiority and spend their lives attempting to overcome these feelings by striving for competence, mastery, and perfection. This drive is not merely about power, but about achieving one's potential and contributing to society. It serves as the primary force behind an individual's goals, lifestyle, and overall personality development.

Alfred Adler, the founder of individual psychology, proposed that the primary human motivation is the 'striving for superiority.' He argued that individuals are driven to overcome feelings of inferiority developed in childhood, and that this process of compensation and growth is central to developing a healthy, well-adjusted personality.

Karen Horney, a prominent Neo-Freudian, challenged Freud's male-centric theories, specifically his assertion that women possess weaker superegos due to their lack of castration anxiety. Horney argued that such views were culturally biased and that women's moral development is not inherently inferior to that of men, emphasizing social and cultural factors over biological ones.