Émile Durkheim popularized the term 'anomie' in his seminal works, such as 'The Division of Labour in Society' and 'Suicide'. He used it to describe a state of normlessness or a breakdown of social bonds and moral guidance, often occurring during periods of rapid social change.

Émile Durkheim argued that modern societies are characterized by 'organic solidarity,' which arises from a high degree of division of labor. This structural differentiation makes modern society significantly more complex than traditional societies, which were held together by 'mechanical solidarity' based on similarity and shared beliefs.

Émile Durkheim published 'The Division of Labour in Society' in 1893. In this foundational text, he explores how social order is maintained in societies through different forms of solidarity: mechanical solidarity in traditional societies and organic solidarity in modern, complex societies characterized by a high degree of specialization and interdependence among individuals.

While Stanley Milgram is most famous for his experiments on obedience, the source identifies Emile Durkheim. This attribution may be considered controversial in academic sociology, as Durkheim focused on social integration and anomie rather than experimental social psychology. The answer is preserved as provided.

Émile Durkheim is widely credited with establishing sociology as a formal academic discipline. In 1895, he published 'The Rules of Sociological Method', which provided the methodological framework for sociology as a distinct science. This work defined social facts as the subject matter of sociology, allowing it to be studied empirically and separated from psychology or philosophy.

Emile Durkheim authored 'Suicide' (1897), a landmark study that demonstrated how social factors, such as social integration and regulation, influence individual behavior. By analyzing statistical data, he showed that suicide rates vary across different social groups, thereby proving that sociology could study personal acts through a scientific, macro-level lens.

Émile Durkheim defined social facts as ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that are external to the individual and exert coercive power. Laws, morals, and values are classic examples of these external social forces that shape individual behavior within a society.

Durkheim used the term 'anomie' to describe a state of normlessness or social instability. It occurs when social norms are weak, unclear, or conflicting, leading to a breakdown in the regulation of individual desires and behaviors. This lack of social guidance often results in a sense of chaos or disorientation within the society.

In his landmark work 'Suicide,' Durkheim aimed to demonstrate that suicide is not merely an individual psychological act but a social phenomenon. By analyzing statistical data across different countries and social groups, he identified how varying levels of social integration and social regulation influence suicide rates, thereby establishing sociology as a rigorous, empirical science.

The 'conscience collective' (collective consciousness) refers to the set of shared beliefs, ideas, and moral attitudes that operate as a unifying force within a society. Durkheim posited that these shared values are essential for maintaining social order and integration among individuals in a community.