All MCQs for Competitive Exams

111

Which fundamental form of associative learning is Ivan Pavlov primarily recognized for discovering and documenting?

A

reinforcement

B

vicarious conditioning

C

operant conditioning

D

classical conditioning

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112

How is the psychological concept of habituation formally defined?

A

interpreting new information based on existing frameworks

B

understanding that objects persist even when not observed

C

reduced response to a repeatedly presented stimulus

D

modifying current frameworks to accommodate new information

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113

In the context of Ivan Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiments, how is the bell categorized?

A

Conditioned Stimulus

B

Unconditioned Response

C

Conditioned Response

D

Unconditioned Stimulus

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114

What does the concept of higher-order conditioning reveal about the mechanics of classical conditioning?

A

Only a natural UCS can establish a CR

B

An established CS can replace a natural UCS

C

Visual stimuli are more easily conditioned than auditory ones

D

Auditory stimuli are more easily conditioned than visual ones

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115

In classical conditioning, what temporal requirement must be met for the association between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the conditioned response (CR) to be effectively established?

A

precede the US

B

be followed by the UR

C

be identical to the US

D

generalize to the UR

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116

Which of the following scenarios does NOT represent a valid example of learning?

A

A rat is given access to a distinctively flavoured foodstuff that has been lanced with a small amount of prison, enough to induce nausea but not enough to kill. On recovering from its illness however, the rat will still go back to the flavour

B

A hungry pigeon is given a small amount of food each time it happens to make a turn in a particular direction. After experiencing a few rewards, the bird develops an increasing tendency to circle on the spot in the ‘correct’ direction

C

The first conspicuous moving object seen by a newly hatched chick is a laboratory attendant. As a consequence, the chick develops an attachment to that person, approaching and following him or her, and tending to avoid other things

D

A snail experiences a brief jolt of the surface on which it is crawling and reacts by reacting into its shell. Subsequent jolts however, are found to be less effective in inducing withdrawal, until the reaction finally disappears

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117

In the context of classical conditioning, which two components are associated with one another?

A

Punishers

B

Reinforces

C

Stimuli

D

Responses

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118

In the context of classical conditioning, what serves as evidence that learning has occurred?

A

A spontaneous behavior increases in frequency due to its consequences.

B

A stimulus naturally triggers a response without prior experience.

C

A previously neutral stimulus now provokes a response.

D

A subject imitates an action they saw in another and is praised for it.

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119

According to the two-factor theory of avoidance learning, how is a fear response acquired and subsequently maintained?

A

classical; operant

B

classical; classical

C

operant; operant

D

operant; classical

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120

In Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiments, how are the salivation response and the meat powder stimulus correctly classified?

A

CR, CS

B

UCS, UCR

C

UCR, UCS

D

CS, CR

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