Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan implemented the 'Arabization' of the administration, replacing Greek and Persian with Arabic as the official language of the state. This reform was crucial for unifying the diverse and expanding empire under a single linguistic and administrative framework, facilitating more efficient governance.

Qada means to make up missed obligatory fasts later.

Niyyah (intention) is required before dawn for a valid fast.

Sawm means fasting — abstaining from food, drink, and desires from dawn to sunset for Allah’s sake.

Zakat literally means purification and growth; it purifies wealth and soul.

Tashahhud is the sitting position where one recites the testimony of faith before ending prayer.

Ruku‘ refers to bowing with the back straight while glorifying Allah.

Iqamah is called just before Salah begins in congregation.

Adhan is the call to prayer, inviting Muslims to congregational Salah.

Salah (or Ṣalāh) is the prescribed act of worship performed five times daily.