Aristotle arrived in Athens in 367 BC to join Plato's Academy. He remained a student and associate of Plato for approximately twenty years until Plato's death in 347 BC. This period was crucial for the development of Aristotle's philosophical framework, which eventually diverged from Plato's idealism toward a more empirical and systematic study of politics and ethics.

Aristotle's work covers a vast range of subjects including logic, ethics, politics, and biology. While he discussed the soul in 'De Anima', the concept of an 'immortal soul' as a distinct category of inquiry is more characteristic of Platonic or later theological thought rather than Aristotle's empirical and naturalistic categorization of philosophical subjects.

Aristotle introduced the concept of proportionate equality in his 'Politics' and 'Nicomachean Ethics'. He argued that justice involves treating equals equally and unequals unequally in proportion to their relevant merits or contributions to the state, distinguishing this from simple numerical equality.

Aristotle's work covers logic, ethics, politics, and natural philosophy. While he discussed the soul in 'De Anima', his specific political and philosophical categories often focused on the structure of the state, virtue, and human nature. The concept of an 'immortal soul' is more central to Platonic and later Christian theology than to Aristotle's empirical biological and political framework.

In his Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle discusses the concept of 'continence' (enkrateia) as the ability to resist base desires and maintain self-control. The conflict arises because humans often experience a struggle between their rational desires and their irrational impulses. Achieving virtue requires the cultivation of habits that allow one to consistently choose the 'golden mean' rather than succumbing to excess or deficiency, which is the essence of the ethical struggle.

Aristotle is the name of the philosopher himself. Nicomachus was the name of his father and also the name of his son, to whom he dedicated his famous work, the 'Nicomachean Ethics'. Plato's original name was Aristocles, and Machiavelli is a distinct historical figure from the Renaissance.

Aristotle, in his work 'Nicomachean Ethics', posits that justice is a proportional concept where individuals receive what is rightfully theirs based on their merit and contribution to the community. This distributive justice framework remains a cornerstone of Western political thought, emphasizing that fairness is achieved when rewards and burdens are allocated according to a person's specific desert or status within the social order.

Aristotle introduced the concept of proportionate equality in his 'Politics' and 'Nicomachean Ethics'. He argued that justice involves treating equals equally and unequals unequally in proportion to their relevant merits or contributions. This distributive justice ensures that rewards and honors are allocated based on individual excellence rather than an absolute, numerical equality that ignores differences in capacity or contribution.

In his Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle distinguishes between 'universal' or 'general' justice, which relates to virtue as a whole, and 'particular' justice. Within particular justice, he further divides it into distributive and rectificatory justice. The provided answer 'political justice' is often discussed by Aristotle as a subset of justice applicable to the state, though it is a distinct classification in his broader framework.

In Aristotelian ethics, 'continence' (enkrateia) refers to the ability to resist desire and act according to reason. The tension arises between one's rational judgment and one's irrational appetites. Aristotle explores how a person struggles to maintain self-control when faced with conflicting impulses, emphasizing that virtue is found in the habit of choosing the mean between extremes through rational deliberation.