Aristotle dedicated an entire book of his 'Nicomachean Ethics' to the analysis of justice, categorizing it into distributive and corrective forms. While Socrates and Plato also discussed justice extensively, Aristotle's systematic classification of justice as a political virtue remains a foundational element of his political theory and his analysis of the ideal state.

The name Nicomachus appears twice in Aristotle's life. It was the name of his father, who was a physician to the Macedonian royal court, and also the name of his son, to whom Aristotle dedicated his famous work, the Nicomachean Ethics.

Alexander the Great, the King of Macedon, was tutored by Aristotle from the age of 13 to 16. Aristotle's extensive teachings on ethics, politics, and science profoundly influenced Alexander's intellectual development and his subsequent military and administrative pursuits across his vast empire.

Aristotle articulated this principle in his 'Nicomachean Ethics' and 'Politics'. He argued that justice is proportional, meaning that individuals should be treated according to their merit or contribution. This concept of distributive justice suggests that equals should receive equal shares, while those who are unequal in relevant respects should receive unequal shares, ensuring fairness within the political community.

Aristotle explores the concept of 'akrasia' or incontinence, where an individual knows the right action but fails to perform it due to a lack of self-control. Continence, or 'enkrateia', is the state of successfully resisting base desires to act in accordance with reason, representing a central struggle in his Nicomachean Ethics.

The name Nicomachus was significant in Aristotle's life as it belonged to both his father, who was a physician to the Macedonian royal family, and his son, whom he had with Herpyllis. Aristotle dedicated his famous work, the 'Nicomachean Ethics', to his son, ensuring the name remained associated with his philosophical legacy.

While Aristotle made foundational contributions to logic, ethics, and political theory, he is not primarily known for mathematics. The provided answer key suggests 'Biology' is the correct choice; however, this is historically contentious as Aristotle is often called the 'father of biology' for his extensive zoological studies. This conflict arises because his contributions to logic and political science are far more central to his legacy than his biological works.

After leaving Plato's Academy, Aristotle established his own school in Athens known as the Lyceum. It became a major center for research and teaching, where Aristotle and his students, known as the Peripatetics, engaged in systematic study across various disciplines, including biology, ethics, and political science.

Aristotle described political science as the 'master science' in his work 'Nicomachean Ethics'. He argued that because it determines which sciences should exist in states and what each class of citizens should learn, it encompasses the study of the highest human good and the organization of the entire community for the sake of achieving that good.

Section 8 of the Offence of Zina (Enforcement of Hudood) Ordinance, 1979, explicitly details the modes of proof required to establish the offense of Zina. It stipulates that Zina is proven either by the accused's own confession before a competent court or by the testimony of at least four truthful eyewitnesses who are adult Muslims and who have observed the act of penetration, ensuring a high evidentiary threshold for Hudood punishments.