Triggered by border disputes and fears of the 1979 revolution spreading, the war caused over a million deaths and devastated both economies. It ended with a UN-brokered ceasefire with no territorial changes.
862
The start of the First Intifada in 1987 CE was a spontaneous Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation in which territories?
Characterized by mass protests and the 'war of stones,' the Intifada brought international attention to the Palestinian cause and eventually led to the 1993 Oslo Accords.
863
The Sabra and Shatila Massacre in 1982 CE took place in which city during the Lebanese Civil War?
Christian Phalangist militias, with the tacit support of the occupying Israeli forces, massacred hundreds to thousands of Palestinian and Lebanese Shia civilians in the refugee camps. It remains a deeply traumatic event in modern history.
864
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 CE led to a decade-long war and the rise of which resistance movement?
The Soviet attempt to support a communist government was met with a decentralized Islamic resistance (Mujahideen) supported by the US, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia. The eventual Soviet withdrawal contributed to the collapse of the USSR.
865
The Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 CE resulted in the independence of East Pakistan, led by:
The war was sparked by cultural, economic, and political tensions between East and West Pakistan. With Indian intervention, East Pakistan became the independent nation of Bangladesh, ending the 'United Pakistan' model.
866
The Suez Crisis of 1956 CE was triggered by Gamal Abdel Nasser's decision to:
Nasser nationalized the canal to fund the Aswan High Dam. This led to a joint invasion by Britain, France, and Israel. Although a military victory for the invaders, it was a political triumph for Nasser and marked the end of Britain as a superpower.
867
The Algerian Revolution (1954–1962) was a war of independence fought by the FLN against which colonial power?
Algeria was considered an integral part of France (not just a colony). The brutal eight-year war for independence resulted in millions of casualties and the eventual withdrawal of nearly a million French settlers (Pieds-Noirs).
868
The Egyptian Revolution of 1952 was led by the 'Free Officers Movement' to overthrow which King?
Led by Muhammad Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser, the revolution ended the monarchy and British influence. It established Egypt as a republic and launched a wave of Pan-Arab nationalism across the region.
869
The Partition of British India and the creation of Pakistan in 1947 CE resulted in one of the largest:
The division led to the displacement of $10$-$15$ million people and the deaths of hundreds of thousands in communal violence. It created the modern states of India and Pakistan and ignited the long-standing Kashmir dispute.
870
The Pakistan Resolution (or Lahore Resolution), which formally demanded a separate state for Muslims in India, was passed in:
On March 23, 1940, the All-India Muslim League met in Lahore and adopted a resolution calling for 'independent states' in the Muslim-majority areas of the northwest and east, paving the way for Pakistan's independence.
